China: Information on treatment of homosexuals(中国:关于同性恋者遭遇的信息)

(写在前面:这篇文章有点过时了,但其中很重要的一点是说明了中国对同性恋的迫害的来源:不是来源于古中国传统文化,而是来源于毛贼和共匪对斯大林的模仿,而斯大林又是模仿自东正教的。)

Query(询问):

Applicant claims she was arrested for being a lesbian. She submitted a document entitled “Public Order Administrative Penalty Verdict.” It states that she “has violated the Public Order Rules by committing homosexual and other indecent activities. She has exerted a bad moral influence and disturbed the public order.” She was in prison for 15 days and had to pay a fine. Are women being arrested and punished for being lesbian?

申请人声称她因为是女同性恋而被捕。 她提交了一份题为“公共秩序行政处罚决定书”的文件。 它声称她“违反了公共秩序规则,实施了同性恋和其他不雅的活动,她的道德影响力很差,扰乱了公共秩序。” 她在监狱里呆了15天,不得不缴纳罚款。 女性是否因为是女同性恋而被捕和惩罚?

Response(回复):

The RIC was unable to find information on a “Public Order Administrative Penalty Verdict” and on the arrest and punishment of women for being lesbian.

RIC无法找到有关“公共秩序行政处罚判决”的信息以及因为其为女同性恋者而逮捕和惩罚女性的信息。

The Third Pink Book states that there are reports of homosexuals in China being imprisoned on “specious grounds” such as Section 158 of the Penal Code, which punishes “disturbance against the social order” with up to 5 years imprisonment (1993). It is not clear from sources available to the RIC whether Section 158 of the Chinese Penal Code has any relation to the document submitted by the applicant. It is also unclear if Section 158 of the Penal Code is related to (or the same as) the Penal Code article (discussed below) which allowed arrests on charges of hooliganism but was removed from the law in 1997.

第三本粉红书指出,有报道说中国的同性恋者被以“似是而非”的理由囚禁,例如刑法典第158条,其中惩罚“扰乱社会秩序”,最高达5年监禁(1993年)。 中国刑法第158条与申请人提交的文件是否有任何关系,目前尚不清楚。 刑法第158条是否与刑法典条款(下文讨论)相关(也可能与此相同)也是不清楚的,该条款允许逮捕被控流氓罪的人,但在1997年被删除。

General information on the situation of homosexuals in China follows.

有关中国同性恋情况的一般信息如下。

Background(背景)

According to a recent BBC article:

根据最近BBC上的一篇文章:

The relaxation of social controls in China over recent years has given homosexuals greater freedom to congregate openly in certain bars and parks of major cities1/4 However, many Chinese gays complain they still face harassment by the authorities, with meetings frequently raided by police and an official stance that regards homosexuality as a perversion (7 July 2000).

近年来中国社会控制的放松,使同性恋者在大城市的某些酒吧和公园中公开集会的自由更多。然而,许多中国同性恋者抱怨说,他们仍然面临当局的骚扰,经常遭到警察的袭击和将同性恋视为变态的官方立场的压迫(7 July 2000)。

Homosexuality is heavily referenced in ancient Chinese literature, and gay culture in China dates to the beginning of Chinese civilization (Reuters 7 July 2000, South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001, Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001). Unlike Europe during the Middle Ages, however, high-profile persecution of Chinese homosexuals did not occur (South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001).

同性恋在中国古代文学中被大量引用,中国的同性恋文化可追溯到中国文明的开端(Reuters 7 July 2000, South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001, Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001)。 然而,与中世纪欧洲不同,中国同性恋并没有被高度迫害(South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001).。

It wasn’t until the 20th century that homosexuals in China became marginalized and regarded as deviant. “Since 1949, in an ironic reversal…China, as part of the process of ‘modernization,’ chose]to abandon traditional attitudes for the historical Western view of homosexuality as a perversion…Under the forty-year rule of the Communist government, social acceptance of homosexuality has virtually disappeared” (Ng 3 July 2000).

直到20世纪,中国的同性恋者才被边缘化并被认为是不正常的。 “自1949年以来,在一个讽刺的逆转中……作为”现代化“进程的一部分,中国选择了抛弃传统态度,转而接受西方对同性恋的历史观点,将同性恋作为一种变态……在四十年的共产党政府的统治下 ,对同性恋的社会宽容已经消失“(Ng 3 July 2000).(备注:毛贼是斯大林的孙子,而对同性恋者的压迫也是毛贼和斯大林学的,而斯大林是和东正教学的。

After coming to power in 1949, the Communist Party under Mao Tse-tung “stamped out anything they deemed deviant or decadent,” and in the late 1960s and early 1970s (during the Cultural Revolution), gays were subjected to public humiliation and long prison terms (Reuters 7 July 2000, Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001). The past 20 years have brought economic reform; a broad trend in Chinese society toward (and government allowance of) more personal freedom; increasingly tolerant public attitudes toward gays, lesbians, and bisexuals; and a realization on the part of the Chinese government that to ignore the gay community does nothing to ameliorate the growing AIDS problem in the country (Reuters 7 July 2000, Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000). Homosexuality is still generally taboo in the media, though sources indicate this too is changing (CSSSM News Digest 3 Aug. 1998).

1949年执政后,毛泽东所领导的共产党“摧毁了他们认为不合常理或颓废的任何东西”,并且在1960s后期和1970s初期(文革期间),同性恋者遭受了公开侮辱和长期监禁 (Reuters 7 July 2000, Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001)。 过去20年带来了经济改革; 中国社会普遍趋向于(和政府允许)更多的人身自由; 公众对同性恋者和双性恋者的态度越来越宽容; 中国政府认识到忽视同性恋社区并没有改善该国日益增长的艾滋病问题(备注:中国的艾滋病问题完全是共匪鼓动卖血导致的,看看高耀洁医生的调查就知道,而无耻的共匪把污水泼到同性恋者身上。)(Reuters 7 July 2000, Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。 尽管消息来源表明这种情况也在发生变化,但同性恋在媒体中仍然普遍是禁忌(CSSSM News Digest 3 Aug. 1998)。

Internal Chinese government documents and academic studies state that currently there are about 15 million homosexuals within China’s population of 1.2 billion (Reuters 7 July 2000). The vast majority of them still choose to keep their sexuality a secret, due in part to societal conservatism, strong pressures to marry and have children, and fear of prejudice, though societal attitudes may also be liberalizing (Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001, Asiaweek 7 Aug. 1998, CSSSM News Digest 3 Aug. 1998, South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001).

中国的内部政府文件和学术研究表明,目前中国12亿人口中约有1,500万同性恋者(Reuters 7 July 2000)。 尽管社会态度也可能放开,绝大多数人仍然选择对性取向保密,部分原因是社会保守主义(备注:中国是典型的保守主义国家,这里说得很准确),结婚和生子女的强大压力以及对偏见的恐惧(Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001, Asiaweek 7 Aug. 1998, CSSSM News Digest 3 Aug. 1998, South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001)。

Chinese Law(中国的法律)

Homosexuality is not illegal in China. Private “consensual homosexual acts” were decriminalized in Hong Kong in 1991 (IGLHRC Dec. 2000), and sodomy was decriminalized in China in 1997 (it remains illegal in 20 U.S. states) (Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000). In October 2000, however, a Beijing court ruled that homosexuality was “abnormal and unacceptable to the Chinese public” (Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000).

同性恋在中国并不非法。 私人“双方同意的同性性行为”于1991年在香港被非刑事化(IGLHRC Dec. 2000),并于1997年在中国被非刑事化(在美国20个州仍然是非法的)(Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。 然而,2000年10月,北京一家法院裁定同性恋是“异常和对大众来说不可接受的”(Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。

According to the Hong Kong-based Information Center for Human Rights and Democracy, the police have “used a secret 1993 directive, which charged gays with illegal demonstrations or hooliganism, to close down gay clubs across the country” (Reuters 7 July 2000). “Hooliganism,” a term used for anything the Chinese Communist Party regards as anti-social, could result in dispatch to labor camps without trial or jail terms of up to seven years (Reuters 7 July 2000, Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000). The Chinese Society for the Study of Sexual Minorities (CSSSM) states that the article in the Penal Code, which allowed for arrest of homosexuals on charges of hooliganism, was expunged during legal reform in 1997 (26 Oct. 2000). The Washington Post also states that arrests of homosexuals on charges of hooliganism have “in general stopped” (24 Jan. 2000). The CSSSM asserts that the more recent police raids of gay bars, discos, and other establishments “seem to be more financially than politically motivated, which indicates that the gay community is a victim more of bureaucratic corruption than of political persecution” (26 Oct. 2000).

根据总部设在香港的人权和民主信息中心,警方已“利用秘密的1993年指令,指控非法示威或流氓行为的同性恋者,关闭全国各地的同性恋俱乐部”(Reuters 7 July 2000)。 “流氓罪”是中国共产党用来对任何他们认为反社会的事物的形容的术语,可能会导致不经审判而派往劳改营而或长达7年的监禁(Reuters 7 July 2000, Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。中国性少数研究协会(CSSSM)指出,1997年法律改革期间(26 Oct. 2000),刑法中允许以流氓罪名逮捕同性恋者的条款被删除。华盛顿邮报还指出,以流氓罪名逮捕同性恋者“大致停止了”(24 Jan. 2000)。 CSSSM称,最近警方对同性恋酒吧,迪斯科舞厅和其他场所的袭击“似乎经济动机大于政治动机,这表明同性恋群体更受官僚腐败而不是政治迫害” (26 Oct. 2000)。

The CSSSM also states:

CSSSM同时指出:

Although gays were arrested in the name of hooliganism, cases like this drastically decreased since mid 1980s [sic]. Nowadays offenders are only those who try to engage in sex in the public area [e.g. public restrooms]. Gay advocacy should theoretically be allowed by the constitution (3 Aug. 1998).

尽管同性恋者以流氓罪被捕,但自1980s中期以来,这类案件大幅下降[原文如此]。 现今的罪犯只是那些在公共场所试图进行性行为的人[例如 公共卫生间]。 宪法在理论上应允许同性恋(3 Aug. 1998)。

Although homosexuality is not illegal in China, gay rights are not protected by law. In December 2000, a senior Chinese government official announced that “it is not the right time to introduce a law banning discrimination against homosexuals [in areas such as employment or housing], due to a lack of majority support” and that though the public had become more open to homosexuality, “it takes time” and “the Government cannot impose any social values on the public” (South China Morning Post 13 Dec. 2000). The government has announced instead that discrimination can be eradicated through education (South China Morning Post 13 Dec. 2000, 5 Feb. 2001).

尽管同性恋在中国并不违法,但同性恋权利不受法律保护。 在2000年12月,一位中国政府高级官员宣布:“由于缺乏多数支持,现在不是制定禁止歧视同性恋者的法律的合适时间(在就业或住房等领域)”,尽管公众 对同性恋更加开放,“需要时间”,“政府不能对公众施加任何社会价值”(South China Morning Post 13 Dec. 2000)。 相反,政府宣布,通过教育可以消除歧视(South China Morning Post 13 Dec. 2000, 5 Feb. 2001)。(备注:缺乏多数支持?说得好像你们是民主政府似的,恶心;不能对公众施加社会价值?说得好像毛贼神教,国家资本主义,新自由主义,国族主义洗脑这些不是社会价值一样,真恶心。

While many homosexuals still choose to remain closeted, the South China Morning Post states that advocacy and awareness groups for homosexuals are becoming more organized and are continuing to push the government to recognize them and work with them toward anti-discrimination legislation (5 Feb. 2001).

虽然许多同性恋者仍然选择保持封闭,但南华早报指出,同性恋者宣传和意识组织越来越有组织,并继续推动政府承认他们并与他们一起进行反歧视立法(5 Feb. 2001)。

Police Raids(警察袭击)

Gays and lesbians are vulnerable to unofficial oppression, police harassment, and arrest for various offences (Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001, IGLHRC Representative 16 Feb. 2001). Arrests are especially prevalent during the “strike hard” periods, in which the government incites the police force nationwide to crack down on organizations and individuals deemed to be connected with vice and immorality (CSSM News Digest 16 March 1998). In a March 1997 police raid of the only gay and lesbian gathering place in Guangzhou in Guangdong province, about 20 people were arrested, and “unconfirmed reports” indicated that they were charged with “hooliganism” and detained for 15 days (see discussion on charges of hooliganism above). According to a Dateline article reprinted in the CSSSM News Digest, “for a gay community which had grown comfortable with a harassment free police policy in the past few years, so long as you were not overtly ‘out’, the incident came as a shocking reminder that life in China is still very repressive and quixotic” (22 March 1997).

男女同性恋者都很容易受到非官方压迫,警察骚扰和以各种罪行为名的逮捕(Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001, IGLHRC Representative 16 Feb. 2001)。在“严打”时期尤其普遍存在逮捕行为,政府煽动全国警察部队打击被认为与恶劣和不道德有关的组织和个人(CSSM News Digest 16 March 1998)。在1997年3月警方突击搜查广东省广州唯一的同性恋聚集地时,约有20人被捕,“未经证实的报道”表示他们被控“流氓罪”并被拘留了15天(见上面讨论的被指控流氓罪)。根据“CSSSM新闻摘要”中转载的一篇日期线文章,“对于一个在过去几年里因为无警察骚扰政策而感到舒适的同性恋社区,只要你没有公开”出去“,事件就是令人震惊地提醒人们,在中国的生活仍然非常压抑和混乱“(22 March 1997)。

On July 3, 2000, 37 gay men were arrested on charges of prostitution at the Junjie men’s beauty and health center, a gay health spa in Guangzhou that had opened in February 2000. Articles cite the Chinese police as stating that the raid was part of a July-September nationwide campaign against “social vices” which also included strikes against gambling, pornography, and illegal drugs (BBC 7 July 2000, CND-Global 10 July 2000). The police said that they arrested the men at the Junjie beauty and health center because they were prostitutes and not because they were gay, “which is a voluntary mutual relationship” (Reuters 7 July 2000).

2000年7月3日,37名同性恋男子因2000年2月在广州开设的同性恋健康中心俊杰男士美容保健中心被指控卖淫而被捕。文章引用中国警方的话称,这起袭击事件是 7月至9月全国范围内针对“社交恶习”的活动,其中还包括对赌博,色情和非法药品的打击(BBC 7 July 2000, CND-Global 10 July 2000)。 警方说,他们在俊杰美容保健中心逮捕了这些男子,因为他们是性工作者,而不是因为他们是同性恋,“这是一种自愿的相互关系”(Reuters 7 July 2000)。

Current Situation(现状)

According to an Agence France-Presse (AFP) article, “prison terms are increasingly rare but harassment remains a fact of life, and gay bars and cafes are subject to periodic raids and closures” (15 Jan. 2001). An owner of a gay bar interviewed for AFP stated that the police have a “live and let live” attitude toward gay bars that have the proper paperwork and do not have dancing or floor shows (15 Jan. 2001). Three of Shanghai’s most popular gay bars were shut down in 2000 (Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001).

根据法新社(AFP)的文章,“监禁越来越少见,但骚扰仍然是生活中的事实,同性恋酒吧和咖啡馆定期遭到袭击和关闭” (15 Jan. 2001)。 一位同性恋酒吧的老板在法新社采访时表示,警方对拥有适当文书工作并没有跳舞或舞台表演的同性恋酒吧持有“让他们活下去”的态度(15 Jan. 2001)。 2000年,上海的三家最受欢迎的同性恋酒吧被关闭(Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001)。

In regards to persecution of homosexuals in China, the CSSSM states:

关于在中国同性恋者遭受的迫害,CSSSM指出:

The few cases [of persecution] we have heard happened in the mid 1980s and does not [sic] reflect the current situation. China has changed so much in the past two decades. Although gays, lesbians and other sexual minorities are still subject to strong prejudice, it is not in their best interest to exaggerate the plight or improvement for any possible political gains (3 Aug. 1998).

我们听到的几起[迫害]案件发生在1980s中期,并没有[原文]反映当前的情况。 中国在过去的二十年中发生了很大的变化。 虽然同性恋,女同性恋和其他性少数群体仍然受到强烈的歧视,但为了任何可能的政治利益而夸大其困境并不符合他们的最佳利益(3 Aug. 1998)。

Asiaweek states that in Asia as a whole, the “underlying truth” is that there is “safety in numbers” for gays throughout the region (7 Aug. 1998). In China, “there is little overt anti-gay hostility… [and] homosexuals say they do not fear being picked on by roughnecks in the way they are in the West” (Asiaweek 7 Aug. 1998).

亚洲周刊指出,在整个亚洲地区,“基本事实”是整个地区的同性恋者都有“安全的数字”(7 Aug. 1998)。 在中国,“很少有明显的反同性恋的敌意……同性恋者说他们不害怕被西方对同性恋者的方式所困扰”(Asiaweek 7 Aug. 1998).。

The Washington Post cites a Chinese doctor who has studied homosexuality in China for over a decade as stating:

“华盛顿邮报”引用了一位在中国研究同性恋十多年的中国医生,她说:

In China, we really don’t have the radical conservatives and the radical liberation activists that you do in the West. We don’t see gays being beaten to death in our country because of their sexuality. At the same time, we don’t have gay and lesbian parades (24 Jan. 2000).

在中国,我们确实没有你们西方的激进的保守派和激进的解放者。 我们看不到同性恋在我国由于性行为被打死。 同时,我们没有同性恋游行(24 Jan. 2000)。

The Washington Post article, which features a lesbian wedding in China (unrecognized under Chinese law), also speaks of slow but increasing Chinese recognition of homosexuality in their society. At one time, homosexuals were committed by the state to mental institutions for electric shock treatments (Washington Post 24 Jan. 2001, CSSSM News Digest 26 Oct. 2000). Although homosexuality is still classified as a mental disorder, “this type of intervention is rarely enforced today” (CSSSM News Digest 26 Oct. 2000). Though families and workplaces largely continue to be intolerant, “the state generally does not prosecute people for homosexuality any more” (Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000).

“华盛顿邮报”的一篇文章以中国的女同性恋婚礼为特色(根据中国法律未得到承认),也谈到了中国社会对同性恋的承认缓慢但越来越多。 有一次,同性恋者被政府委托给心理机构进行电击治疗(Washington Post 24 Jan. 2001, CSSSM News Digest 26 Oct. 2000)。 尽管同性恋仍然被归类为精神障碍,“今天这种干预措施很少得到执行”(CSSSM News Digest 26 Oct. 2000)。 虽然家庭和工作场所在很大程度上仍然是不容忍的,“政府通常不会再起诉人们的同性恋行为”(Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。

According to an IGLHRC representative, blanket statements about safety and openness for homosexuals in China can not be relied upon. He says that while there is more tolerance for gays collectively, individual outing can invite persecution because of continuing strong phobias against gays in Chinese society. Homosexuals are gaining ground in Chinese society and are eager to let people know they are there and have rights, yet there is still unofficial oppression in China, and the police can not always be depended upon for protection (16 Feb. 2001).

依据IGLHRC的一位代表,不能依赖关于中国同性恋者的安全和开放的一揽子声明。 他说虽然对同性恋者有更多的容忍,但个人出柜可能会引起迫害,因为中国社会对同性恋者继续存在强大的恐惧症。 同性恋者在中国社会中日益发展,渴望让人们知道他们在那里并拥有权利,但中国仍然存在非官方的压迫,而警方的保护总是不能被依靠的 (16 Feb. 2001)。

This response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RIC within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum.

这个回应是在时间限制内研究RIC目前可以获得的公开信息后编写的。 这种回应不是,也不能被用来对任何有着特定要求的难民地位或庇护起决定作用。

http://www.refworld.org/docid/3decd1024.html

越南战争相关资料(资料摘录)

民主自由灯塔的脑残粉们总是吹捧美军是自由之师,呵呵,我不说在伊拉克那百万惨死的平民,我也不说当了冤大头的巴拿马和格林纳达人民,我也不说民主被毁灭的多米尼加人民,我也不说是谁把本拉登和塔利班扶植起来,残害当地人民,最后不得不去自己擦屁股顺便又把当地人民再残害一遍,我也不说被屠杀至少十多万,共和国被毁灭的菲律宾人民,咱们就来看看,在大名鼎鼎的越战中,极右傻逼纳粹们亲爱的王师究竟扮演了一个怎样的角色,又做下了哪些无耻残忍的暴行。别误会,我从来不认为中共的孙子越共是什么好鸟,但另一边同样也不是什么好鸟,而且就当时的表现来看,越共还真的比另一边的“自由政权”要强一些。

首先,咱来看看越战的背景吧:1945年秋,战败的日本被迫撤出印度支那这个它在战争开始时占领的前法属殖民地。与此同时,一场志在结束殖民统治并为印度支那农民争取新生活的革命运动在那里开展起来。在共产党人胡志明的领导下,革命者进行了抗日斗争。1945年底,他们在河内举行了上百万人参加的盛大庆祝活动,并发表了独立宣言。

1946年11月,法国人轰炸了越南北部港口海防,从此开始了越南民族主义运动与法国殖民主义者之间长达8年的战争。随着1949年共产党在中国取得胜利和次年朝鲜战争的爆发,美国开始向法国提供大规模的军事援助。到1954年,美国已经提供了足以装备印度支那全部法军的30万支小型武器和机枪以及10亿美元的援助。所有这些加在一起,美国实际上承担了法国战争支出的80%。

1954年,由于得不到越南人民的支持,法国不得不撤离该地区。这时的越南民众绝大多数都已站到了胡志明及其领导的革命运动一边。

法国与越南在日内瓦国际会议上达成了和平协议。按照协议的规定,法国立即撤退到越南南部,越盟则留在北部;越南将在两年之内举行联合大选以便让人民自主地选择自己的政府。
  美国迅速采取了阻止南北统一的行动,在南越建立自己的势力范围。它在西贡成立了以前南越官员吴庭艳为首的政府,并鼓动他不要如期举行联合选举,吴此前一段时间住在新泽西。正如《五角大楼文件)所说:“南越基本上是美国的产物”。

吴庭艳政权越来越不受欢迎。吴是一名天主教徒,而大多数越南人是佛教徒;吴与地主关系密切,而越南是一个农民的国度;他的虚张声势的土地改革基本上无所作为;他用远在西贡任命的亲信接替地方选举出来的各省官员;越来越多的人被投进监狱,因为他们批评当权者腐败无能和固步自封。
反对派力量在吴庭艳政权鞭长莫及的农村地区迅速壮大起来。1958年前后,针对政府的游击活动开始出现。河内的共产党政权通过提供援助、鼓励和向南方输送人员的办法支持游击运动,被派往南方的人大多数都是日内瓦协定后跑到北方去的南方人。
1960年,南方成立了民族解放阵线。该阵线把各派反政府力量都联合起来了,其中坚力量则是南越的农民。农民们把民族解放阵线看成是改变他们生存条件的希望所在。

1963年6月的一天,一名佛教僧人坐在西贡的公共广-场上点火自焚。接着,许多僧人竞相以焚身自杀来表达他们反对吴庭艳政府的决心。吴庭艳的警察袭击了佛教徒的佛塔和庙宇,打伤30名僧人,逮捕1400人,并封闭了一些佛塔。市内爆发了示威活动,警察开枪打死9人。古都顺化随之发生了万人抗议示威活动。

这里的“一名佛教僧人”是释广德:當時信仰天主教的南越總統吳廷琰,對佔人口八成以上的佛教徒實行歧視政策,並在當年的佛誕日禁止佛教徒展示宗教性的旗子,引起公開的示威遊行。警方在衝突中對群眾開槍,造成九人死亡。政府事後拒絕妥協,使得國內的抗議情緒益發高漲。時年69歲的和尚釋廣德在這波抗議中提議自焚。獲得領袖們的許可後,僧人們於是展開縝密的計畫。他們測試不同的燃料,並事先聯絡外國記者。當天還有一組僧尼負責躺在消防車輪前,防止消防人員前往現場。 6月11日,約三百五十位僧人聚集在總統府前的十字街口。釋廣德隨兩位同伴下車後,以蓮花坐姿盤坐於地,由同伴自頭頂淋下五加侖的汽油。他手握木製佛珠,默念經文,接著自己點燃火柴。火焰燃燒瞬間,釋廣德的身驅被大火吞噬,變成一團火球。一名和尚用擴音器宣布:「一位僧侶為了五項訴求自焚身亡。」同時,其他和尚把釋廣德的英文聲明稿發給了在場的美國記者們。十分鐘後,焦黑軀體上的火焰漸息,被蓋上黃布。来源:當自焚的人也被噤聲

在越南人口的宗教构成中,佛教徒约占人口的70%到90%[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]。许多历史学家认为,作为一名天主教徒,吳廷琰的政策明显继续偏向在越南占人口少数的天主教徒,而歧视占人口多数的佛教徒。政府被认为在公用设施、军人晋升、土地安置、商业利益和减免税收方面都偏向天主教徒。[10]

此外,甚至在向保卫村庄免受越共游击队攻击的民兵分发轻武器时,发现只有天主教徒村庄得到了武器,[12]而一些天主教神父甚至拥有自己的私人武装部队。[13]在一些地区发生了强迫改宗、抢劫、以及毁坏寺庙的事件。[14]一些佛教徒村庄全体改宗,以便能得到援助,或避免被吴廷琰政府强迫迁居。[15]自法国殖民时代起,只认定佛教为私人团体,需要官方许可才能举行公众活动,只有天主教才具有正式的宗教身份,吴廷琰也没有废止这项政策。[16]天主教会是越南最大的地主,但是天主教会拥有的土地被免于进行土地改革。[17]天主教徒们也在“事实上”被豁免了政府强迫所有公民参加的義務勞動;美援物資被政府不成比例地分配给天主教徒占多数的村庄。在吴廷琰统治下,天主教会享受免除财产所得税的特权,在1959年,吴廷琰将越南奉献给圣母玛利亚[18]

作为當時实际上的南越第一夫人、廷琰之弟吳廷瑈的夫人陳麗春Trần Lệ Xuân)在被問及對此事的見解時曾說她要为「看到一齣和尚肉燒烤的好戲而拍手叫好」(clap hands at seeing another monk barbecue show)。之後在西方社會裡,她獲得了一個「惡龍夫人」的稱號[32]在六月下旬,吳氏政府指責釋廣德的死因是在自焚前吸毒,而並非被火燒死。[33]他們又控告大衛,指他收買釋廣德去自焚,當然最後沒有成功。[34]

来源:释广德wiki

1963年初,肯尼迪的助理国务卿U.亚历克西斯·约翰逊在底特律经济俱乐部演讲时说:“数百年来,到底是什么东西吸引着各国列强从四面八方云集东南亚,拚命想攫取这块地方呢?……东南亚国家物产丰富,可供出口的剩余产品有大米、橡胶、柚木、棉花、锡、香料、石油等许多东西……”
但是,肯尼迪却不公开这样说。他的解释是,美国在越南的目的是遏制共产主义和增进自由。

接替吴庭艳的将军们无力消灭民族解放阵线。马克斯韦尔·泰勒将军在1964年晚些时候报告说:“越共组织不仅有凤凰再生的能力,而且还有保持士气的神奇手段”。

1964年8月初,在北越海岸的东京湾[1]附近发生了一连串扑朔迷离的事件,约翰逊总统利用这些事件发动了对越南的全面战争。后来的事实表明,所谓东京湾事件不过是一个骗局。美国的高级官员们向公众撒了谎。事实上,中央情报局早已在秘密实施对北越沿海军事设施的攻击计划了,因此,即便是发生了攻击行为,也绝不是“无端”的;也不是“例行巡逻”,因为“马多克斯”号正在进行特殊的电子间谍活动;而且,它也不是在公海,而是在越南领海水域。事实证明:根本不像麦克纳马拉所说的那样有鱼雷攻击“马多克斯”号。时隔两晚,又有一则关于另一艘驱逐舰遭到袭击的报道,约翰逊称之为“公海上的公开挑衅”。这则报道看来也纯属捏造了。

东京湾“挑衅”事件促使议会通过一项法案,授权约翰逊总统在东南亚地区采取适当的军事行动,该法案得到了众议员的一致赞成,参议院也只有两票反对。这样便出现了不是由宪法授权的国会宣布战争状态的情况。
在越战期间,一些请愿者要求被认为是宪法的守护神的最高法院宣布战争违宪。但最高法院一次又一次地拒绝考虑这一问题。

南越的广大地区被宣布为“任意交火区”,也就是说,留在该地区的所有人(平民、老人、孩子)都被认为是敌人,可以随便对他们实施轰炸。有窝藏越共嫌疑的村子动辄遭到“搜查和摧毁”——村子里凡达到从军年龄的男人都被杀死,房子被烧掉,妇女、儿童和老人则被押往集中营。
在一个名为“凤凰行动”的计划中,中央情报局驻越人员未经审判就秘密处决了至少2万南越平民,因为他们被怀疑为共产党的地下工作者。
战争结束后,根据国际红十字会透露的消息,在战争白热化的时期,南越的集中营里关押着6.5万到7万人,他们经常受到毒打和折磨,美国顾同或袖手旁观或直接参与其中。在美国顾问驻扎的富国岛和归仁的两个主要的越南人集中营里,国际红十字会观察员还发现了持续而有组织的暴行。

到战争结束时,美国已在越南、老挝和柬埔寨投下了700万吨的炸弹——比第二次世界大战期间投在欧洲和亚洲的炸弹总量的两倍还要多。不仅如此,它还在相当于马萨诸塞州那么大的地区里用飞机喷洒了毒剂,旨在毁坏那里的树木和其他植物。据报道,越南母亲生下了许多残疾儿。耶鲁生物学家给老鼠使用同样剂量的药物(分别为2,4,5匙)后,发现它们产下的全是残废鼠。这些生物学家们指出,没有理由相信,该药用在人身上会产生不同的效果。

这一毒剂就是橙剂:戰爭結束後,橙劑的後遺症逐漸浮現。據越南政府統計,近百萬人因接觸橙劑而死亡或傷殘,還生下50萬名身體畸形或智障的嬰兒。當年參戰的越共老兵和他們的後代,固然是最直接的受害者,但當年受橙劑禍及的普通農民也不少。更可怕的是,由於這些毒素的半衰期很長,很多仍殘留在當地的土壤當中,危害至今。這些直接的傷害並不能單靠時間就能撫平,不少戰後出生的新一代仍然能夠感受到什麼是戰爭之痛。来源:越戰結束40年,但這些照片提醒我們傷痛還沒到盡頭

美軍噴洒「橙劑」的面積占越南南方總面積的10%,共撒下6700 萬升橙劑,噴洒過「橙劑」的水源和土壤至今仍未消除污染,當地人深受其害,據統計,因「橙劑」污染,戰後越南產生了五十多萬橙劑畸形兒並使兩百多萬越南兒童遭受癌症和其他病痛的折磨。

過去三十多年中,美國一直否認越南數十萬畸形兒與其當年播撒的橙劑有關並拒絕賠償,但隨著美越日漸親密,美國政府做出了一些改變,於2011年6月投入3200多億美元,清理中部城市峴港一座曾大量堆放橙劑的機場及周邊地區。

越南胡志明市西北12公里的奇光寺,由於香火興旺和聲名遠播,從1995年起到現在,共有350名畸形兒被遺棄在這裡,寺院和香客合力收留了他們。這裡被當地人稱為「怪胎展覽」——他們有長錯位置和方向的腳掌,恐怖外凸的眼珠,怪異的頭部和丟三落四的器官。即使病症最輕微的,也有智障、聾啞和行走困難等缺陷。 製造這些怪嬰的「元兇」是潛伏在他們血液里一種叫「二惡英」的物質,正是來自於當年美軍播撒的橙劑。来源:觸目驚心:越戰美軍用落葉劑使大片叢林枯萎 百萬兒童畸形

1968年3月16日,一伙美国士兵来到广义省的一个小村子——美莱四号村,包围了所有居民,其中包括老人和怀抱婴儿的妇女。这些人被美国士兵赶进一条沟里挨个儿枪杀。

后来,好几名军官因“美莱屠杀案”受到审判,但只有卡利中尉被判有罪。他被判处终身监禁,但又被两次减刊。他服了3年刑后即获假释,因为尼克松签署命令说.他应当在家里而不是正式的监狱里接受监管。数千名美国人为其声辩,其中一部分人认为,从反对“共产主义者”的必要性的角度看,他的行为是正当的爱国主义行为;还有一部分人认为,在许许多多的同类战争暴行中,单单把他当作替罪羊是不公正的。曾经对掩盖美莱屠杀提出指控的科·奥林·亨德逊在1971年初对记者说:“每一支部队在某个地方都有它们自己的美莱”

确实,美莱大屠杀的独特价值只是在于该案的真相已大白于天下。赫什曾在一家地方报纸上公开报道过一名美国兵写给其家人的这样一封信:

亲爱的爸爸妈妈:
今天我们去执行了一项任务。我觉得我愧对我自己、我的朋友和我的国家。我们烧毁了所见到的每一间房屋!……
所有的人都哭喊着,乞求我们不要把他们分开,不要带走他们的丈夫和父亲、儿子和祖父。妇女们在呜咽和呻吟。
接着,他们充满恐怖地眼睁睁看着我们烧掉他们的房屋、财产和食物。是的,我们烧掉了所有的大米并射杀了所有的牲畜。

关于美莱大屠杀的详细资料:1968年3月16日越戰期間,攝影師Ronald L. Haeberle在越南廣義省美萊村(My Lai)拍下一系列照片,其中一張照片裡,村民們恐懼地聚集在一起,一位母親表情痛苦,眼眶充滿淚水,那日正是美軍於美萊村執行命令。當時有504人死於這場行動,大多是婦女、小孩和老人。

屠殺事件爆發後有25人面臨起訴,最終,步兵旅指揮官Henderson雖接受審判,隔年卻被無罪釋放,而下令開火的陸軍中尉William Calley被判終生監禁,最後則在尼克森總統下令保釋後,改判軟禁三年半。2009年,一直以來始終堅持是「奉命行事」的Calley首度承認錯誤:「我生命中沒有任何一天不為那天發生在美萊村的事情而悔恨自責,我愧對那些被殺的人、愧對他們的家人,也愧對捲入本案的美軍士兵和他們的家人。我真的很抱歉。」来源:東南亞歷史上的今天:越南美萊村屠殺50週年

1968年3月16日,美軍第23步兵師第11旅第20團第1營C連的官兵在越南廣義省的美萊村對越南民眾進行殘酷屠殺,男女老幼甚至嬰兒都慘遭殺害,美軍士兵還對女性進行了輪姦並肢解了部分屍體。屠殺之後,美國陸軍官方報紙《星條旗報》以頭條新聞登出:「美軍包圍赤色分子,殺死128人。」美萊大屠殺中,美軍連兒童也不放過。

至於遇難人數,美軍官方報告稱168人死亡,其中20%是越南平民;越南官方報告則稱有568名平民被殺害。而據《紐約時報》報導,雙方政府私下同意,死亡數目在400人到500人之間。来源:越戰舊照:美軍美萊大屠殺殘酷暴行

狂轰滥炸旨在摧毁普通越南人的抵抗意志,就像第二次世界大战中对德国和日本的人口中心实施的轰炸一样——尽管约翰逊总统在公开声明中一再表示轰炸的只是“军事目标”。政府使用诸如“施加更大的压力”一类的语言来描述轰炸。根据《五角大楼文件》,中央情报局在1966年的某个时候曾建议实施“更猛烈的轰炸计划”,用中央情报局的话说,就是要直接摧毁“作为打击目标的政府的意志”。
与此同时,就在边界的另一端,在越南的邻国老挝,中央情报局扶植的右翼政府也正面临着一场叛乱。结果,这片世界上最美丽的地区之一的加斯平原也被炸成了一片瓦砾。政府对此保持了沉默,新闻界也没有进行相关的报道。但是,一名生活在老挝的美国人弗雷德·布兰夫曼在其所著《加斯平原的呼声》一书中却记录了这一史实。
从1964年5月至1969年9月,这片加斯平原遭受了2.5万多次的轰炸、被投下了7.5万吨的炸弹,数千人伤亡,数万人被迫转入地下,所有的建筑都成了一片废墟。1973年9月,前老挝政府官员杰罗姆·杜里特尔在《纽约时报》上撰文说:“当我首次到达老挝时,我接到指示,对所有新闻界有关我们对这个小小国家所实施的大规模的和惨无人道的轰炸的询问都要作如是回答:‘应老挝王国政府的请求,美方只是在进行非武装的侦察飞行’……这是撒谎。每一位听到我这番回答的记者都知道它是谎言……”

1970年春,在实施了从未公之于众的长期的轰炸之后,尼克松和国务卿基辛格发动了对柬埔寨的一次军事入侵。但是,这次侵略行动不仅在美国国内引发了强烈的抗议浪潮,而且它本身也是一次军事失败。国会为此通过法案:不经国会同意,尼克松不得动用美国军队扩大战争。
第二年,在没有美国军队参加的情况下,美国支持南越入侵老挝,这次同样遭到失败。1971年,美国在老挝、柬埔寨和越南投下了80万吨的炸弹。同时,阮文绍总统(他是西贡政权最后一任长期在位的元首)领导下的西贡军政权仍然关押着数千名反对派。

1973年秋,由于感到胜利无望,也由干北越军队已在南越建立起众多根据地,美国同意接受这样一个撤军方案,即美军撤离,革命军队在原地活动,直到选举产生一个包括共产党人与非共产党人在内的新政府为止。但西贡政权不同意该方案,美国决定进行最后一次努力,即向北越发起猛烈的攻击以迫其降服。它派遣大批B-52 轰炸机前往河内和海防,炸毁那里的房屋和医院,炸死了无数平民。但进攻仍未能奏效。许多B-52被击落。同时,世界各地都出现了愤怒的抗议声浪。基辛格不得不返回巴黎签署和平协议,其内容与以前已达成的方案完全相同。
美国撤出它的军队后,仍向西贡政权提供援助,但当1975年初北越向南越各大城市发起进攻时,西贡政权终于垮台了。1975年4月末,北越军队进入西贡。美国大使馆工作人员与许多害怕共产党统治的越南人一起逃走了。在越南的这场旷日持久的战争终于结束了。西贡更名为胡志明市,越南南北双方统一为越南民主共和国。

来源:第十八章 胜利无望的越战

支持残暴的右翼独裁政权,拒绝进行民主的大选,明明是为了政客和财团们自己的口袋,却骗人说是“为了自由”,残忍的屠杀越南人民,扔毒剂制造生态灾难,把本国人民骗到战场上去送死,呵呵,什么超级大国,狗屁超级大国!

 

 

Frequently Asked Questions about Transgender People(关于跨性别者的FAQ))

Transgender people come from every region of the United States and around the world, from every racial and ethnic background, and from every faith community. Transgender people are your classmates, your coworkers, your neighbors, and your friends. With approximately 1.4 million transgender adults in the United States—and millions more around the world—chances are that you’ve met a transgender person, even if you don’t know it.

跨性别者来自美国和世界各地,来自每个种族和民族背景,以及来自每个信仰社区。 跨性别者是你的同学,同事,邻居和朋友。 在美国,大约有140万跨性别人士,在全球有数百万人 – 即使你不了解跨性别者,也有机会见到他们。


What does it mean to be transgender?

成为一名跨性别者意味着什么?

Transgender people are people whose gender identity is different from the gender they were thought to be at birth. “Trans” is often used as shorthand for transgender.

跨性别者是那些性别认同与其出生时的性别不同的人。“Trans”通常被用作跨性别者的简写。

When we’re born, a doctor usually says that we’re male or female based on what our bodies look like. Most people who were labeled male at birth turn out to actually identify as men, and most people who were labeled female at birth grow up to be women. But some people’s gender identity – their innate knowledge of who they are – is different from what was initially expected when they were born. Most of these people describe themselves as transgender.

当我们出生时,医生通常会根据我们的身体状况说我们是男性还是女性。 大多数在出生时被贴上男性标签的人最终自认是男性,大多数在出生时被贴上女性标签的人长大后会成为女性。 但是一些人的性别认同 – 他们天生就知道他们是谁 – 与他们出生时的身体状况不同。 这些人大部分都将自己描述为跨性别者。

A transgender woman lives as a woman today, but was thought to be male when she was born. A transgender man lives as a man today, but was thought to be female when he was born. Some transgender people identify as neither male nor female, or as a combination of male and female. There are a variety of terms that people who aren’t entirely male or entirely female use to describe their gender identity, like non-binary or genderqueer.

跨性别女人今天以女人的身份生活,但在出生时被认为是男性。 跨性别男人今天以男人的身份生活,但在出生时被认为是女性。 有些跨性别人士并不认为自己是男性或女性,或男性和女性的组合。有许多术语表示不完全是男性或者不完全是女性的人用来描述他们的性别认同,如非二元或无性别。

Everyone—transgender or not—has a gender identity. Most people never think about what their gender identity is because it matches their sex at birth.

每个人 – 无论是否是跨性别者 -都 具有性别认同。 大多数人从不考虑他们的性别认同是什么,因为它与出生时的性别相匹配。


Being transgender means different things to different people. Like a lot of other aspects of who people are, like race or religion, there’s no one way to be transgender, and no one way for transgender people to look or feel about themselves. The best way to understand what being transgender is like is to talk with transgender people and listen to their stories.

成为跨性别者对不同的人来说意味着不同的事。 就像种族或宗教一样,人的许多其他方面也不例外,不是跨性别者的人没有办法成为跨性别者,跨性别者也没有办法让其他人看到或感受自己。 了解跨性别者的最佳方式就是与跨性别者交谈并倾听他们的故事。


How does someone know that they are transgender?

一个人如何知道他们自己是跨性别者?

People can realize that they’re transgender at any age. Some people can trace their awareness back to their earlier memories – they just knew. Others may need more time to realize that they are transgender. Some people may spend years feeling like they don’t fit in without really understanding why, or may try to avoid thinking or talking about their gender out of fear, shame, or confusion. Trying to repress or change one’s gender identity doesn’t work; in fact, it can be very painful and damaging to one’s emotional and mental health. As transgender people become more visible in the media and in community life across the country, more transgender people are able to name and understand their own experiences and may feel safer and more comfortable sharing it with others.

人们可以在任何年龄段意识到他们是跨性别者。 有些人可以追溯到他们早期的记忆 – 他们就是知道。 其他人可能需要更多时间才能意识到他们是跨性别者。 有些人可能会花上好几年的时间,寻找自己不适应自己的原因,或者因为恐惧,耻辱或迷惑而试图避免思考或谈论自己的性别。 试图压制或改变自己的性别认同是不起作用的; 事实上,这对于一个人的情绪和心理健康可能会造成非常大的痛苦和损害。随着跨性别者在全国的媒体和社区生活中变得更加可见,越来越多的跨性别者能够说出并理解他们自己的经历,并且可能会通过与他人分享感到更安全,更自在。

For many transgender people, recognizing who they are and deciding to start gender transition can take a lot of reflection. Transgender people risk social stigma, discrimination, and harassment when they tell other people who they really are. Parents, friends, coworkers, classmates, and neighbors may be accepting—but they also might not be, and many transgender people fear that they will not be accepted by their loved ones and others in their life. Despite those risks, being open about one’s gender identity, and living a life that feels truly authentic, can be a life-affirming and even life-saving decision.

对于许多跨性别者来说,承认自己是谁并决定开始性别转变可能需要很多思考。 当跨性别者告诉其他人他们是谁时,他们就会冒着社会耻辱,歧视和骚扰的风险。 父母,朋友,同事,同学和邻居可能会接受 – 但他们也可能不会,许多跨性别者害怕不会被他们的生活中的亲人和其他人接受。尽管存在这些风险,公开自己的性别认同,过着真正的真实的生活,可能是一个帮助生命,甚至是挽救生命的决定。


Thought Exercise: Thinking About Your Own Gender

思维练习:思考你自己的性别

It can be difficult for people who are not transgender to imagine what being transgender feels like. Imagine what it would be like if everyone told you that the gender that you’ve always known yourself to be was wrong. What would you feel like if you woke up one day with a body that’s associated with a different gender? What would you do if everyone else—your doctors, your friends, your family—believed you’re a man and expected you to act like a man when you’re actually a woman, or believed you’re a woman even though you’ve always known you’re a man?

对于不是跨性别者的人来说,很难想象成为跨性别者会是什么感觉。 想象一下,如果每个人都告诉你,你一直认可的自己的性别是错误的,那将会是什么样子。 如果你有一天与一个不同性别的身体一起醒来,你会感觉如何? 如果其他人 – 你的医生,你的朋友,你的家人 – 相信你是一个男人,并且希望你扮演一个男人,但你实际上是一个女人时,或者相信你是一个女人,但你一直知道你是个男人时,那么你会怎么做?


What’s the difference between sexual orientation and gender identity?

性取向和性别认同之间有什么区别?

Gender identity and sexual orientation are two different things. Gender identity refers to your internal knowledge of your own gender—for example, your knowledge that you’re a man, a woman, or another gender. Sexual orientation has to do with whom you’re attracted to. Like non-transgender people, transgender people can have any sexual orientation. For example, a transgender man (someone who lives as a man today) may be primarily attracted to other men (and identify as a gay man), may be primarily attracted to women (and identify as a straight man), or have any other sexual orientation.

性别认同和性取向是两回事。 性别认同是指你对自己的性别的内部知识 – 例如,你知道你是男人,女人或其他性别。 性取向与你被吸引到的人有关。 和非跨性别者一样,跨性别者可以有任何性取向。 例如,一个跨性别男人(今天以男人身份生活)可能主要被其他男人吸引(并被认为是男同性恋),可能主要被女人吸引(并被认为是直男),或者有其他性取向。

What’s the difference between being transgender and being intersex?

跨性别者和两性人之间的区别是什么?

People sometimes confuse being transgender and being intersex. Intersex people have reproductive anatomy or genes that don’t fit typical definitions of male or female, which is often discovered at birth. Being transgender, meanwhile, has to do with your internal knowledge of your gender identity. A transgender person is usually born with a body and genes that match a typical male or female, but they know their gender identity to be different.

人们有时会混淆跨性别者和两性人。 两性人的生殖解剖结构或基因不符合男性或女性的典型定义,经常在出生时被发现。与此同时,跨性别者与你对性别认同的天生知识有关。 跨性别者通常出生时身体和基因与典型的男性或女性相匹配,但他们知道他们的性别认同是不同的。

Some people think that determining who is male or female at birth is a simple matter of checking the baby’s external anatomy, but there’s actually a lot more to it. Every year, an estimated one in 2,000 babies are born with a set of characteristics that can’t easily be classified as “male” or “female.” People whose bodies fall in the vast continuum between “male” and “female” are often known as intersex people. There are many different types of intersex conditions. For example, some people are born with XY chromosomes but have female genitals and secondary sex characteristics. Others might have XX chromosomes but no uterus, or might have external anatomy that doesn’t appear clearly male or female. To learn more about what it’s like to be intersex, check out this video or click here.

有些人认为,确定出生时的男性或女性是检查婴儿外部解剖结构的简单问题,但实际上问题要复杂得多。每年,估计每2000名婴儿中就有一人出生时具有一组不容易被归类为“男性”或“女性”的特征。 身体陷入“男性”和“女性”之间巨大连续体的人通常被称为两性人。 有许多不同类型的两性条件。 例如,有些人出生时有XY染色体,但有女性生殖器和第二性别特征。 其他人可能有XX染色体,但没有子宫,或可能有看起来不清楚男性或女性的外部解剖结构。要详细了解两性人的特征,请查看此视频或点击此处

While it’s possible to be both transgender and intersex, most transgender people aren’t intersex, and most intersex people aren’t transgender. For example, many intersex people with XY (typically male) chromosomes but typically female anatomy are declared female at birth, are raised as girls, and identify as girls; in fact, many of these girls and their families never even become aware that their chromosomes are different than expected until much later in life. However, some intersex people come to realize that the gender that they were raised as doesn’t fit their internal sense of who they are, and may make changes to their appearance or social role similar to what many transgender people undergo to start living as the gender that better matches who they are.

虽然同时成为跨性别者和两性人是可能的,但大多数跨性别者不是两性人,大多数两性人也不是跨性别者。 例如,许多具有XY(通常是男性)染色体但通常是女性解剖结构的两性人在出生时被宣布为女性,被做为女孩抚养,并被认同为女孩; 事实上,许多这些女孩及其家人甚至从未意识到他们的染色体,直到很久以后才会发现与预期不同。然而,一些两性人开始意识到,他们被抚养时的性别不符合他们内在的身份,并且可能会改变他们的外表或社会角色,类似于许多跨性别者经历的起始生活,性别更好地与他们自己相匹配。

What is the difference between being transgender and being gender non-conforming?

跨性别者和性别不合有什么区别?

Being gender non-conforming means not conforming to gender stereotypes. For example, someone’s clothes, hairstyle, speech patterns, or hobbies might be considered more “feminine” or “masculine” than what’s stereotypically associated with their gender.

性别不合意味着不符合性别刻板印象。 例如,某人的衣服,发型,言语模式或爱好可能被认为比与其性别刻板相关的“女性化”或“男性化”更加“女性化”或“男性化”。

Gender non-conforming people may or may not be transgender. For example, some women who were raised and identify as women present themselves in ways that might be considered masculine, like by having short hair or wearing stereotypically masculine clothes. The term “tomboy” refers to girls who are gender non-conforming, which often means they play rough sports, hang out with boys, and dress in more masculine clothing.

不合性别的人可能是也可能不是跨性别者。 例如,一些被培养并认定为女性的女性以可能被认为是男性化的方式呈现自己,比如留短发或穿着刻板男性服装。 “假小子”一词指的是性别不合的女孩,这往往意味着她们玩剧烈的运动,与男孩玩耍,穿更加男性化的衣服。

Similarly, transgender people may be gender non-conforming, or they might conform to gender stereotypes for the gender they live and identify as.

同样,跨性别者可能是不符合性别的,因为他们生活和认同的性别可能符合性别刻板观念。

What does it mean to have a gender that’s not male or female?

拥有一个不是男性也不是女性的性别意味着什么?

Most transgender people are men or women. But some people don’t neatly fit into the categories of “man” or “woman” or “male” or “female.” For example, some people have a gender that blends elements of being a man or a woman, or a gender that is different than either male or female. Some people don’t identify with any gender. Some people’s gender fluctuates over time.

大多数跨性别者是男性或女性。 但有些人并不完全适合“男人”或“女人”或“男性”或“女性”的类别。例如,有些人具有融合了男人和女人的性别元素的性别,这与男性或女性都不同。 有些人不认同任何性别。 有些人的性别会随着时间而变化。

People whose gender is not male or female may use many different terms to describe themselves. One term that some people use is non-binary, which is used because the gender binary refers to the two categories of male and female. Another term that people use is genderqueer. If you’re not sure what term someone uses to describe their gender, you should ask them politely.

性别不是男性或女性的人可以使用许多不同的术语来描述自己。 一些人使用的术语是非二进制,因为性别二进制指的是男性和女性两类。 人们使用的另一个术语是无性别者。 如果你不确定某人用什么词来形容他们的性别,你应该礼貌地问他们。

It’s important to remember that if someone is transgender, it does not necessarily mean that they have a “third gender.” Most transgender people do have a gender identity that is either male or female, and they should be treated like any other man or woman.

重要的是要记住,如果有人是跨性别者,这并不一定意味着他们有“第三性别”。 大多数跨性别者确实有男性或女性的性别认同,他们应该被像其他任何男人或女人一样对待。

For more information about what it’s like to have a gender other than male or female or how you can support the non-binary people in your life, read NCTE’s guide Understanding Non-Binary People.

有关男性或女性之外的性别是怎样的或者如何支持生活中的非二元性别者的更多信息,请阅读NCTE的指南“了解非二元性别者”。

Why don’t transgender people get counseling to accept the gender they were assigned at birth?

为什么跨性别人士不会通过接受咨询来接受他们出生时拥有的性别?

Counseling aimed at changing someone’s gender identity, sometimes known as conversion therapy, doesn’t work and can be extremely harmful. The belief that someone’s gender identity can be changed through therapy runs counter to the overwhelming consensus in the medical community. Telling someone that a core part of who they are is wrong or delusional and forcing them to change it is dangerous, sometimes leading to lasting depression, substance abuse, self-hatred and even suicide. Because of this, a growing number of states have made it illegal for licensed therapists to try to change a young person’s gender identity (laws apply to those under 18). However, many transgender people find it helpful to get counseling to help them decide when to tell the world they are transgender and deal with the repercussions of stigma and discrimination that comes afterward.

旨在改变某人的性别认同(有时称为转化疗法)的咨询不起作用,并且可以是非常有害的。 相信某人的性别认同可以通过治疗而改变,这与医学界的压倒性的共识背道而驰。 告诉某人他们是谁的核心部分是错误或幻想并强迫他们改变它是危险的,有时导致持久的抑郁,药物滥用,自我仇恨甚至自杀。 正因为如此,越来越多的州规定,持证治疗师试图改变年轻人的性别认同(这一法律适用于18岁以下的人)是非法的。 然而,许多跨性别者发现,通过咨询来决定何时向世界宣布他们是跨性别者,并处理之后出现的耻辱和歧视的影响是有帮助的。

What does “gender transition” mean?

“性别过渡”意味着什么?

Transitioning is the time period during which a person begins to live according to their gender identity, rather than the gender they were thought to be at birth. While not all transgender people transition, a great many do at some point in their lives. Gender transition looks different for every person. Possible steps in a gender transition may or may not include changing your clothing, appearance, name, or the pronoun people use to refer to you (like “she,” “he,” or “they”). Some people are able to change their identification documents, like their driver’s license or passport, to reflect their gender. And some people undergo hormone therapy or other medical procedures to change their physical characteristics and make their body better reflect the gender they know themselves to be.

过渡是一个人根据自己的性别认同而不是其出生时的性别开始生活的时期。 虽然并非所有跨性别人士都会过渡,但很多人在他们生活中的某个时刻都会这样做。 每个人的性别过渡看起来都不一样。 性别过渡的可能步骤可能包括也可能不包括改变你的服装,外观,姓名或人称代词(如“她”,“他”或“他们”)。 有些人可以更换他们的身份证件,如驾驶执照或护照,以反映他们的性别。 有些人接受激素治疗或其他医疗程序来改变他们的身体特征,并使他们的身体更好地反映他们所认可的性别。

Transitioning can help many transgender people lead healthy, fulfilling lives. No specific set of steps is necessary to “complete” a transition—it’s a matter of what is right for each person. All transgender people are entitled to the same dignity and respect, regardless of which legal or medical steps they have taken.

过渡可以帮助许多跨性别者过上健康而充实的生活。 没有具体的规定步骤来“完成”一个过渡 – 这是每个人都适合的事情。 无论他们采取了哪些法律或医疗措施,所有跨性别人士都享有同等的尊严和尊重。

What are some of the official records transgender people may change when they’re transitioning?

当跨性别者过渡时,他们会面临哪些官方记录的改变呢?

Some transgender people make or want to make legal changes as part of their transition, like by changing their name or updating the gender marker on their identity documents.

一些跨性别者在过渡期间作出或想要作出法律更改作为过渡的一部分,例如更改姓名或更新身份证件上的性别标记。

Not all transgender people need or want to change their identity documents, but for many, it’s a critical step in their transition. For many transgender people, not having identity documents like driver’s licenses or passports that match their gender means that they might not be able to do things that require an ID, like getting a job, enrolling in school, opening a bank account, or traveling. Some transgender people who use an ID that doesn’t match their gender or their presentation face harassment, humiliation, and even violence.

并非所有的跨性别人士都需要或想要改变他们的身份证件,但对于很多人来说,这是他们过渡中的关键一步。对于许多跨性别者来说,没有身份证件(如驾驶执照或与他们的性别相匹配的护照)意味着他们可能无法执行需要身份证件的事情,例如找工作,上学,开立银行账户或旅行。 一些使用与他们的性别或他们的表现不符的ID的跨性别者会面临骚扰,羞辱,甚至暴力。

Transgender people may need to change a number of documents in order to live according to their gender identity, such as their:

跨性别者可能需要更改一些文件以便按照其性别生活,例如:

  • Driver’s license驾照
  • Social Security card社会安全卡
  • Passport护照
  • Bank accounts and records银行账户和记录
  • Credit cards信用卡
  • Paychecks and other job-related documents支付记录和其他工作相关文件
  • Leases租约
  • Medical records医疗记录
  • Birth certificate出生证明
  • Academic records学籍记录

It’s important to know that not all transgender people be able to make the changes they need to their IDs and other official documents. Unfortunately, these changes are often expensive, burdensome, and complicated, putting them out of reach for many people. For example, some states still require proof of surgery or a court order to change a gender marker. In many states, the process can be time-consuming and involve many steps, or cost hundreds of dollars. As a result, only one-fifth (21%) of transgender people who have transitioned have been able to update all of their IDs.

重要的是,要知道并非所有的跨性别者都能够对自己需要的身份证件和其他官方文件进行更改。 不幸的是,这些更改通常是昂贵的,繁重的,复杂的,使许多人无法接触到它们。 例如,一些州仍然需要手术证明或法院命令来更改性别标记。 在许多州,这个过程可能会耗费很多时间,涉及很多步骤,或者需要花费数百美元。 结果,只有五分之一(21%)的跨性别者能够更新他们的所有身份证件。

NCTE works to modernize all of these outdated requirements. States are increasingly adopting more accessible and straightforward policies for changing one’s name and gender marker.

NCTE致力于现代化所有这些过时的要求。 越来越多的国家采用更易于获得和直接的改变自己的名字和性别标志的政策。

To find out the requirements for updating a driver’s license or birth certificate in your state or territory, as well as get information on changing federal IDs and records, visit NCTE’s ID Documents Center.

要了解更新您所在州或领地的驾驶执照或出生证明的要求,以及获取有关更改联邦身份证件和记录的信息,请访问NCTE的身份证件文件中心

What medical treatments do some transgender people seek when transitioning?

一些跨性别者在过渡时使用的医疗护理是怎样的?

Some, but not all, transgender people undergo medical treatments to make their bodies more congruent with their gender identity and help them live healthier lives.

一些(但不是全部)跨性别人士接受药物治疗,使他们的身体更符合他们的性别认同,并帮助他们过上更健康的生活。

While transition-related care is critical and even life-saving for many transgender people, not everyone needs medical care to transition or live a fulfilling life.

虽然与过渡有关的护理对于许多跨性别者来说至关重要,甚至能挽救生命,但并非每个人都需要医疗护理才能进行过渡或过上充实的生活。

Different transgender people may need different types of transition-related care. People should make decisions about their care based on their individual needs. Medical procedures can include:

不同的跨性别人群可能需要不同类型的过渡相关的护理。 人们应根据自己的个人需求作出决定。 医疗程序可以包括:

  • hair growth or removal treatments头发生长或移除治疗
  • hormone therapy激素治疗
  • various surgeries to make one’s face, chest, and anatomy more in line with one’s gender identity多种手术将一个人的面部,胸部和解剖结构变得更符合一个人的性别认同

While not everyone needs transition-related medical treatments, there is an overwhelming consensus in the medical community that they are medically necessary for many transgender people and should be covered by private and public insurance. Every major medical organization in the United States has affirmed that transition-related medical care is safe and effective, and that everyone who needs it should be able to access it. Unfortunately, this critical care is often denied by insurance companies, often in spite of state and federal laws.

虽然不是每个人都需要与过渡相关的医疗服务,但医学界普遍认为,他们对于许多跨性别者来说在医学上是必要的,应该由私人和公共保险承保。 美国的每个主要医疗机构都肯定,过渡相关的医疗护理是安全有效的,每个需要它的人都应该能够获得它。 不幸的是,这种重要的医疗服务经常被保险公司拒绝,尽管有州和联邦法律的支持。

What is gender dysphoria?

性别焦虑是什么?

For some transgender people, the difference between the gender they are thought to be at birth and the gender they know themselves to be can lead to serious emotional distress that affects their health and everyday lives if not addressed. Gender dysphoria is the medical diagnosis for someone who experiences this distress.

对于一些跨性别者来说,他们出生时被认为的性别与他们认识自己时的性别之间的差异可能会导致严重的情绪困扰,如果不加以解决,会影响他们的健康和日常生活。性别焦虑是对遇到这种痛苦的人的医学判断。

Not all transgender people have gender dysphoria. On its own, being transgender is not considered a medical condition. Many transgender people do not experience serious anxiety or stress associated with the difference between their gender identity and their gender of birth, and so may not have gender dysphoria.

并非所有的跨性别者都有性别焦虑。就其本身而言,成为跨性别者不被视为一种医疗状况。 许多跨性别者没有经历过与他们的性别认同和出生性别差异相关的严重焦虑或压力,因此可能没有性别焦虑。

Gender dysphoria can often be relieved by expressing one’s gender in a way that the person is comfortable with. That can include dressing and grooming in a way that reflects who one knows they are, using a different name or pronoun, and, for some, taking medical steps to physically change their body. All major medical organizations in the United States recognize that living according to one’s gender identity is an effective, safe and medically necessary treatment for many people who have gender dysphoria.

性别焦虑常常可以通过用自己喜欢的方式表达自己的性别来缓解。这可以包括穿衣和梳理,作为反映自己是谁的方式,使用不同姓名或代名词,并且对于某些人来说,采取医疗措施来改变自己的身体。美国所有主要的医疗机构都认识到,根据自己的性别认同生活对于许多有性别焦虑的人来说是一种有效,安全和医疗必须的治疗方法。

It’s important to remember that while being transgender is not in itself an illness, many transgender people need to deal with physical and mental health problems because of widespread discrimination and stigma. Many transgender people live in a society that tells them that their deeply held identity is wrong or deviant. Some transgender people have lost their families, their jobs, their homes, and their support, and some experience harassment and even violence. Transgender children may experience rejection or even emotional or physical abuse at home, at school, or in their communities. These kinds of experiences can be challenging for anyone, and for some people, it can lead to anxiety disorders, depression, and other mental health conditions. But these conditions are not caused by having a transgender identity: they’re a result of the intolerance many transgender people have to deal with. Many transgender people – especially transgender people who are accepted and valued in their communities – are able to live healthy and fulfilling lives.

重要的是,要记住尽管跨性别本身并不是一种疾病,但由于广泛的歧视和羞辱,许多跨性别者需要处理身心健康问题。许多跨性别者生活在一个社会中,这个社会告诉他们他们深处的认同是错误或偏离的。一些跨性别人失去了家人,工作,家庭和支持,有些遭遇骚扰甚至暴力。跨性别的孩子在家中,在学校或在他们的社区可能会遭遇排斥甚至情感或身体虐待。对任何人来说,这些经历都会具有挑战性,对于某些人来说,这可能导致焦虑症,抑郁症和其他心理健康状况。但是,这些条件并非由拥有跨性别身份造成的:他们是对跨性别者不容忍造成的结果,许多跨性别者不得不面对这一结果。许多跨性别者- 特别是在其社区中被接受和在乎的跨性别者- 能够过上健康而充实的生活。

Why is transgender equality important?

为什么跨性别平权很重要?

Transgender people should be treated with the same dignity and respect as anyone else and be able to live, and be respected, according to their gender identity. But transgender people often face serious discrimination and mistreatment at work, school, and in their families and communities.

应该像对待其他人一样尊重跨性别者和给予跨性别者同样的尊严,并能够根据其性别认同生活并受到尊重。 但跨性别者往往在工作,学校,家庭和社区中面临严重的歧视和虐待。

For example, transgender people are more likely to:

例如,跨性别者更可能会:

  • Be fired or denied a job被解雇或被拒绝聘用
  • Face harassment and bullying at school在学校里面临骚扰和霸凌
  • Become homeless or live in extreme poverty无家可归或生活在极度贫困中
  • Be evicted or denied housing or access to a shelter被驱逐或被拒绝拥有房屋或进入庇护所
  • Be denied access to critical medical care被拒绝获得关键的医疗护理
  • Be incarcerated or targeted by law enforcement被关押或被执法者针对
  • Face abuse and violence面临虐待和暴力

For statistics about these types of discrimination, go to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey page.

有关这些类型的歧视的统计信息,请访问全国跨性别歧视调查页面。

Living without fear of discrimination and violence and being supported and affirmed in being who they are is critical for allowing transgender people to live healthy, safe, and fulfilling lives. In recent years, laws, policies and attitudes around the country have changed significantly, allowing more transgender people than ever to live fuller, safer, and healthier lives.

生活在没有对歧视和暴力的恐惧的情况下,得到支持和肯定,这对于让跨性别者过着健康,安全和充实的生活至关重要。 近年来,全国各地的法律,政策和态度发生了重大变化,使更多的跨性别者生活得更充实,更安全,更健康。

The transgender movement is part of a long tradition of social justice movements of people working together to claim their civil rights and better opportunities in this country. These challenges are connected. Discrimination that transgender people of color face is compounded by racism, and lower-income transgender people face economic challenges and classism. NCTE believes that progress towards transgender equality requires a social justice approach that fights all forms of discrimination.

跨性别者运动是人们共同努力争取在这个国家拥有公民权利和更好机会的社会正义运动的悠久传统的一部分。这些挑战是相关的。歧视跨性别者的有色脸与种族主义混合在一起,而低收入跨性别者面临经济挑战和阶级压迫。 NCTE认为,在跨性别平等方面取得进展要求采取社会正义行动来反抗所有形式的歧视。

https://transequality.org/issues/resources/frequently-asked-questions-about-transgender-people

OP-ED: The U.S. Turn to Assad(OP-ED:美国转向支持Assad)

by John Reimann, East Bay DSA

Editor’s note: this piece serves as a response to R.L. Stephens’ piece in DSA Weekly regarding his thoughts on U.S. intervention in Syria following a chemical gas attack attributed to Syrian authoritarian regime leader, Bashar al-Assad.

编者按:这篇文章是对DSA周刊中R.L. Stephens的一篇文章的回应,内容涉及对叙利亚独裁政权领导人Bashar al-Assad进行毒气袭击后美国对叙利亚的干涉这一事件的思考。

The Arab Spring arose as a revolt against dictators like Bashar al-Assad throughout the Middle East and North Africa. It had nothing to do with a United States-inspired attempt at regime change.

阿拉伯之春起源于整个中东和北非对Bashar al-Assad等独裁者的反抗。 这与美国政府改变政权的企图无关。

In Syria, Assad responded through his Shabiha, whose slogan was: “Either Assad or we burn the country.” The organization and its members meant it. Since that time, there has been some 500,000 people killed and over half the population of Syria has been forced out of their homes. The regime is responsible for over 90% of the civilians killed. These numbers make sense based on the simple fact that it is the forces of Assad and Putin that maintain air superiority over Syria.

在叙利亚, Assad通过他的Shabiha做出回应,他的口号是:“ 或者选择Assad,或者我们焚烧这个国家”。该组织及其成员做到了这一点。 从那时起,大约有50万人丧生,超过一半的叙利亚人被迫离开家园。 这个政权对死亡平民中的超过90%的人负有责任。 这些数字基于一个简单的有意义的事实,即Assad和普京的力量维持着对叙利亚的空中优势。

When the Arab Spring first arose, U.S. imperialism at first supported Egyptian autocrat Hosni Mubarak, but then U.S. officials saw him as an obstacle to stability and called for him to step down. In Syria, things were a little more complex, but remained essentially the same. That was why Obama called for Assad to step down, but what he never ever did was in any way act to produce “regime change.”

当阿拉伯之春第一次出现时,美国帝国主义起初支持埃及独裁者Hosni Mubarak,但后来美国官员认为他是稳定的障碍,并要求他下台。 在叙利亚,情况稍微复杂一些,但基本保持不变。 这就是奥巴马呼吁Assad下台的原因,但他从未做过在任何产生“政权更替”的的事情。

In Iraq, regime change was produced by a military invasion. There has never been any serious evidence produced that either Obama or Trump has even considered such a sweeping invasion. In other words, similar to in Egypt, what the US regime wanted was “Assadism” without Assad. This has been supported by a number of sources, including the comments of then-Secretary of State, John Kerry, and remarks by then-CIA director, John Brennan.

在伊拉克,政权更迭是由军事入侵产生的。 从未有任何严肃的证据表明奥巴马或特朗普甚至考虑过如此彻底的入侵。 换句话说,与埃及类似,美国政权想要的是没有Assad的“阿萨德主义”。 这得到了许多消息来源的支持,包括当时的国务卿John Kerry的评论,以及当时的中情局局长John Brennan的评论。

By 2014, U.S. imperialism saw the rise of Sunni Islamic fundamentalism, especially the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), as a greater threat to US imperialism than the Syrian Regime, especially since Trump came into office. For example, Trump also stated that the United States should focus on defeating ISIS, and find common ground with the Syrians (Assad) and their Russian backers.

到2014年,美国帝国主义将逊尼派伊斯兰原教旨主义,尤其是伊拉克和叙利亚伊斯兰国(ISIS)的兴起看作是对美国帝国主义的比叙利亚政权更大的威胁,特别是在特朗普执政以后。 例如,特朗普还表示,美国应该重点打击伊斯兰国,并与叙利亚人(Assad)和他们的俄罗斯支持者找到共同点。

Some claim that U.S. aid to the Free Syrian Army shows the intent for regime change. This article by Schulman and Sloughter, however, shows that aid was minimal. And as of one year ago, according to journalist Anand Gopal, U.S. imperialism had carried out 8,000 airstrikes in Syria with only one—the strike at that time against the al-Shayrat airfield—being against the Assad forces.

有人声称美国援助叙利亚自由军显示出推动政权更迭的意图。 然而,Schulman和Sloughter的这篇文章表明,援助是微不足道的。 根据记者Anand Gopal的说法,美国帝国主义曾在叙利亚进行过8000次空袭,但只有一次——针对al-Shayrat机场的袭击——是针对Assad部队的。

On March 16, 2017, just weeks before the bombing of al-Shayrat, the U.S. Air Force attacked the Omar Ibn al-Khattab mosque. In that bombing, over forty civilians were killed. It was an attack on the al-Qaeda-affiliated Nusra Front and Tahrir al-Sham which were fighting Assad. In other words, this strike was in support of the Assad regime! In contrast, in the U.S. bombing of al-Shayrat airfield, nobody was killed and it was back up and operational within twenty-four hours. Even this paltry strike represented a clear side preference, since, unlike the strikes in civilian-inhabited areas of Raqqa, US officials actually contacted Russian officials to warn them ahead of time to “minimize risk to Russian or Syrian personnel located at the airfield.” Similarly, in the recent US attack on Assad’s chemical weapons facilities, nobody was killed. Neither of these seriously weakened Assad.

2017年3月16日,就在al-Shayrat轰炸前几周,美国空军袭击了Omar Ibn al-Khattab清真寺。在这次轰炸中,有四十多平民遇害。 这是对与阿萨德作战的与基地组织有关的Nusra Front和Tahrir al-Sham的袭击。 换句话说,这次袭击是为了支持Assad政权! 相比之下,在美国轰炸al-Shayrat机场时,没有人遇难,并且机场在24小时内恢复运行。 即使这种微不足道的袭击也显示出了明显的偏好,因为与Raqqa的平民居住区不同,美国官员实际上已经联系了俄罗斯官员,提前警告他们“尽量减少俄罗斯或叙利亚机场人员的风险”。 同样,在最近美国袭击阿萨德的化学武器设施时,没有人遇害。 这些都没有严重削弱Assad。

Contrast that with US imperialism’s bombardment of Raqqa, which was an attack on ISIS. Some 200 people were killed in the first several days of that attack. Over 11,000 buildings were destroyed or damaged, and the Washington Post reported that “it is easier to count the buildings that are still standing than the ones that have been reduced to shattered concrete and twisted reinforced steel… Raqqa has become nearly unrecognizable to those who try to return and navigate its streets. Public squares are hidden underneath debris, and the tallest residential towers are mere rubble.” The pictures within that slideshow of Raqqa are indistinguishable from photos of Gaza after the Israeli regime attacked it in 2014.

相反,美国帝国主义轰炸Raqqa,这是对伊斯兰国的攻击。 在这次袭击的头几天,大约有200人遇难。 超过11,000幢建筑物被摧毁或损坏,“华盛顿邮报”报道说:“对于那些仍然存在的建筑物,比那些已经被破坏的混凝土和扭曲钢筋的建筑物更容易计数……对于那些返回并寻找他们的街道的人来说,Raqqa已经变得几乎无法辨认。 公共广场隐藏在碎片下面,最高的住宅塔楼仅仅是瓦砾。“2014年以色列政府袭击后,拉卡在幻灯片中的图片与加沙的照片无法区分。

Why do these war crimes in Raqqa tend to be ignored by the left? The most charitable explanation is that what happened in Raqqa does not fit the common narrative. This is because the US regime’s attack on Raqqa was not an attack on the Assad regime. Instead, it was in fact in indirect support of that regime. The attack was carried out against the ISIS home base. It was carried out for the U.S. regime’s allies—the Kurds—to take over. But the Kurdish forces have been operating with a de facto truce with Assad for many years now!

为什么这些发生在Raqqa的战争罪行往往会被左派忽略? 最慈善的解释是,在Raqqa发生的事情不符合常见的叙述。 这是因为美国政权对Raqqa的袭击并不是对阿萨德政权的袭击。 事实上,这实际上是对该政权的间接支持。 这次袭击是针对ISIS的基地进行的。 它是为美国政权的盟友 – 库尔德人 – 接管而进行的。 但是库尔德部队实际上已经与阿萨德休战多年了!

It is important not to equate U.S. and Russian imperialism in Syria. It is Russian forces, together with those of Assad himself, who have directly caused the majority of the damage through their bombing campaigns. They have been bombing hospitals, schools, residential neighborhoods, and public markets throughout the country. It is the Assad regime that is carrying out mass imprisonment and widespread torture and execution of political dissidents. There is also a program of ethnic cleansing being carried out throughout Syria by Assad and the Iranian military.

有一点很重要,不要把美国和俄罗斯的在叙利亚表现出的帝国主义等同。 俄罗斯部队和Assad本人一样,通过轰炸行动直接造成了大部分损失。 他们一直在轰炸全国各地的医院,学校,居民区和公共市场。 Assad政权正在进行大规模抓捕,普遍存在对政治异见人士的酷刑和处决。 Assad和伊朗军队还在叙利亚各地进行了种族清洗。

The 2,000 US troops in Syria are not there to conduct “regime change.” They are there to defend the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) in North East Syria and to oppose ISIS. Trump has made that clear.

在叙利亚的2000名美军并没有在那里进行“政权更替”。他们在那里捍卫叙利亚东北部的库尔德民主联盟党(PYD)并反对伊斯兰国。 特朗普明确表示了这一点。

Regardless of who U.S. imperialism supported, though, the main point is this: What happened in Syria in 2011 was a revolution from below. How, after all, could it be different? How was it that Syrian masses would not have participated in the Arab Spring and revolted against a brutal and corrupt autocrat? Refusal to recognize the fact that it was a popular revolution from below amounts to refusing to see the working class as the subject, not the object, of history. It denies the Syrian masses all agency.

不管美国帝国主义支持谁,主要问题是:2011年叙利亚发生的事情是从下层开始的革命。 毕竟,它有什么不同? 叙利亚人民大众怎么会不参加阿拉伯之春,并且反抗一个残酷和腐败的独裁者呢? 拒绝承认这是一场来自下层的大众革命的事实,等于拒绝将工人阶级视为历史的主体而不是对象。 它否认叙利亚人民大众的所有努力。

What does the future hold for Syrians? One possibility is that one region may come under the influence of Iranian sub-imperialism. Another would be of US imperialism under the PYD, and the rest under the control of the Assad regime and their sponsor, Russian imperialism. As for the 5 million plus Syrian refugees living outside Syria, it seems they will remain permanent refugees, at least for the present.

叙利亚人的未来会是怎样的? 一种可能是一个地区可能受到伊朗次帝国主义的影响。 另一个可能是在PYD下的美帝国主义,其余的则在阿萨德政权及其资助者俄国帝国主义的控制之下。 至于生活在叙利亚之外的500多万叙利亚难民,似乎他们将永远是永久难民,至少目前是这样。

Socialists in the United States should be guided by the principle of international working class solidarity. First and foremost, we should be countering the disinformation campaign such as carried out by the Putin mouthpiece, RT, and repeated by many on the left here. Anything less will correctly be seen by the Syrians themselves as implicit support for one of the most brutal dictatorships of the present era. We should also be pointing out the massive U.S. war crimes in Raqqa, as well as the real role of U.S. capitalism in Syria, which is its opposition to the Syrian revolution. On the practical level, we should be demanding that Syrian refugees be admitted to the United States.

美国的社会主义者应该以国际工人阶级团结的原则做为指导。 首先,我们应该打击由普京话筒RT所实施的这种假情报活动,这些假情报被左派中的许多人重复。 任何干扰看到正确的叙利亚人自己的假新闻都会成为对当代最残酷的独裁政权之一的支持。 我们也应该指出在Raqqa的美国大规模战争罪行以及美国资本主义在叙利亚革命中扮演的反对叙利亚革命的真正角色。在实际层面上,我们应该要求叙利亚难民被允许进入美国。

Both the Republican and Democratic Parties support the Assad regime as the lesser evil when compared to either ISIS or a popular revolution. Therefore, the campaign to support the Syrian revolution is connected with the campaign to build a mass working class political party here in the United States.

无论是与伊斯兰国相比还是与人民革命相比,共和党和民主党都支持阿萨德政权,将其视为更小的邪恶。 因此,支持叙利亚革命的运动与在美国这里建立大众工人阶级政党的运动有关。

What side should socialists be on today—the side of the Syrian revolution or of the regime? The question answers itself.

社会主义者今天应该站在哪一边 – 叙利亚革命这边或独裁政权的这边? 这个问题本身已经回答了自己。

https://www.dsausa.org/the_us_turn_to_assad

Queer Reflections(关于同性恋的思考)

David McReynolds

LET ME USE MY SPACE in part simply as memory, reflections by a homosexual whose sexual orientation, at 78, is academic.

让我使用我的部分空间作为一种回忆,由78岁的性取向为同性恋的我的反思是学术性的。

Christopher Phelps certainly opened an interesting chink in the history of the left with his article. It is probably as impossible for those under 40 to grasp what the social landscape was like for homosexuals in 1950 as it is for many young Blacks to believe there was a time when night clubs in Manhattan were segregated, and if you were Black and traveled south of the Mason Dixon line, you had to change to a “colored only” car. In the 1950s Allen Ginsberg was the first American “in polite company” who was an admitted homosexual. (After a poetry reading in Chicago sometime in the 1950s, a woman came up to him and said, “Mr. Ginsberg, I love your poetry. But tell me, why is there so much about homosexuality in it?” To which Allen responded, “Madam, it is because I am queer.”)

Christopher Phelps 的文章肯定在左派历史中打开了一个有趣的谜。 对于40岁以下的人来说,掌握1950年同性恋者的社会状况可能是不可能的,因为许多年轻的黑人都相信曼哈顿的夜店俱乐部是被隔离的,如果你是黑人并前往南方Mason Dixon线,你必须改变为“只为有色人种”的汽车。 在二十世纪五十年代,Allen Ginsberg是在美国“有礼貌的公司”第一位承认自己是同性恋者的。 (在20世纪50年代的芝加哥诗歌朗诵之后,一位女士走过来对他说:“Ginsberg先生,我喜欢你的诗歌,但请告诉我,为什么其中有这么多同性恋内容?”Allen回应道,“女士,这是因为我是同性恋。”)

Why did the left ignore this issue? Why not? Sexual “deviation” was then a matter for the obscure, bohemian margins of society. Particularly, it seems to me, the Marxist Left tends to be rigidly “macho,” conformist on social norms, while radical on political views. And Marxists, because they are part of the society, tend to accept the norms of that society, even while in some areas setting their shoulders “against the norm.” Perhaps it was precisely because Marxists were challenging so many things and had, so to speak, so much on their plate, that they showed little imagination in the sexual byways. Nor was Marx alone — Freud, while not treating homosexuality as “wrong,” did consider it an aberration.

为什么左派忽视这个问题? 为什么不? 然后,性“偏差”就成了社会晦涩难懂的波希米亚边缘问题。 特别是,在我看来,马克思主义左派倾向于僵化的“男子气概”,坚持社会规范,而在政治观点上激进。 而马克思主义者,因为他们是社会的一部分,他们倾向于接受社会的规范,即使在某些地区,他们肩负的是“违反规范”。 也许恰恰是因为马克思主义者挑战了很多东西,可以说他们的盘子里有这么多东西,所以他们在性的小路上几乎没有显示出想象力。 马克思并不孤单 – 弗洛伊德虽然没有把同性恋视为“错误的”,但认为它是一种畸形。

Invisible

隐形的

HOWEVER POORLY THE LEFT DEALT WITH racism, it did try to deal with it. On something as “socially acceptable” as anti-Semitism (prior to the Holocaust), the left engaged in courageous battle. But one of the reasons homosexuality remained beyond the pale was that to a great extent it was invisible (it still is, of which more in a moment). Jews could be identified, as could racial groups. But homosexuals were, it was assumed, those rare and obvious creatures with touches of makeup, the slight lisp, the gentle sense of fashion, the Oscar Wildes of the world, devoted to a love that dare not speak its name.

尽管左派对抗种族主义的努力很不够,但它确实试图解决这个问题。 在反犹太主义(大屠杀之前)的“社会上可以接受的东西”中,左派进行了勇敢的战斗。 但是,同性恋仍然存在于视线之外的原因是,它在很大程度上是隐形的(现在仍然是这样,其中更多的是在一段时间内)。 犹太人和种族群体都可以被标记。 但同性恋者们被假设为:那些罕见而明显的化妆品,轻微的口齿伶俐,温和的时尚感,世界的奥斯卡王尔德斯,致力于一种不敢说出其名字的爱情。

As a kid in Los Angeles I used to read one of the comics — Sheena, Queen of the Jungle. While others were looking at the sexy Sheena, I was drawn to the half naked guys who were her cohorts. I worried about my “tendencies,” read what little I could (no internet then), hoped that as adolescence passed I’d find girls exciting. Never happened. I had nothing against girls, but it was the slim young men my own age who drew my attention.

作为洛杉矶的一个孩子,我曾经阅读过一本漫画 – 丛林女王希娜。 当其他人在看性感的Sheena时,我被吸引到她的同伙的半裸人。 我担心自己的“倾向”,看看我能够做些什么(当时没有互联网),希望随着青春期的过去,我会发现女孩们令我兴奋。 这从未发生过。 我并不是反对女孩,但我这个年龄段的苗条青年吸引了我的注意力。

The how and why I “came out” are not important here (only the date is still clear — May 25, 1949). In those days gay men would ask one another “when did you come out?” in the way one butterfly might ask another “when did you learn to fly?” It was certainly a lonely time. I was very lucky in that the radical group I hung with at UCLA was as much bohemian as it was radical. It was accepting — though only a couple of us in that loose and wonderful group were gay. I could, therefore, be myself as well as take an active part in the Socialist Party.

我“出柜”的方式和原因在这里并不重要(只有日期依然清晰 – 1949年5月25日)。 在那些日子里,男同性恋者会问彼此“你什么时候出柜的?” 就像一只蝴蝶可能会问另一只“你什么时候学会飞翔?” 这当然是一个孤独的时刻。 我非常幸运,因为我在加州大学洛杉矶分校接触的一个激进组织同样也很波澜壮阔。 它正在接受 – 尽管在这个宽松而美妙的组织中只有我们几个人是同性恋。 因此,我可以做自己,积极参加社会主义党。

I wasn’t given to effeminate behavior. I might not have been the butchest guy on campus, but my sexuality wasn’t an issue. It was after I came out that I began to realize just how many men are homosexual. Is it one in ten? It certainly isn’t less than that. When Kinsey reported that 37 percent of men had had homosexual experiences after puberty the only question I had was why just 37 percent? Were the rest not good looking enough, or did they just miss the odd encounter, because, if we discuss sexuality, and if we go by the common experiences of most homosexual men, it is clear that a hell of a lot of straight guys had such experiences. Young men are open to almost any sexual adventure. We have an entire field of sexuality that is largely invisible. By the time men are 25 their sexuality has become pretty defined and some of their sexual past is simply forgotten (or repressed).

我没有被赋予降低行为的能力。 我可能不是校园里最受欢迎的人,但我的性行为不是问题。 在我出来后,我开始意识到有多少男人是同性恋者。 这是十分之一吗? 这当然不会少于这个。 当Kinsey报道37%的男人在青春期后有同性恋体验时,我唯一的问题就是为什么只有37%? 是剩下的人不够漂亮吗,还是他们只是被统计者遗漏了,因为,如果我们讨论性行为,并且如果我们查看大多数同性恋者的共同经历,很明显,很多直男人都有这样的经历。 年轻男性几乎可以接受任何性冒险。我们有一个完全隐形的性领域。 到男性25岁时,他们的性行为已经变得相当明确,并且他们的一些性过去简单的被遗忘(或被压制)了。

While one could never ignore the African in a white society, or the Jew in a Christian society, nothing was easier than to assume that the only homosexuals were those who were “obvious.” (It would be my guess that, at best, only one in every six homosexual men are in any way obvious.) Homosexuals were, for the most part, invisible — even to each other, which was why once we “came out” we discovered an entire world we had never known existed. Homosexuals are not defined by race or class, appearing both as common criminals and J. Edgar Hoover, as truck drivers and actors, carpenters and dancers.

虽然人们永远无法忽视白人社会中的非洲人或基督教社会中的犹太人,但没有比简单假设同性恋者只是那些“显而易见”的人更容易了。 (根据我的猜测,只有六分之一的同性恋者在任何方面都很明显。)同性恋者大部分是隐形的 – 甚至对彼此都是隐形的,这就是为什么一旦我们“出柜” 我们发现了一个我们从未知道存在的整个世界。 同性恋不是由种族或阶级所定义的,既有普通罪犯也有J. Edgar Hoover,他们是卡车司机和演员,也是木匠和舞者。

“You aren’t one of them, are you?”

“你不是他们中的一员,对吧?”

I EXPERIENCED LITTLE BIAS WITHIN the Socialist Party. The late, and nearly great, Samuel H. Friedman (a Jew who kept kosher and whose wife was an Irish Catholic) said to me “I’ve heard some nasty things about you, Comrade McReynolds, but I don’t believe them.” Dwight MacDonald once said “You aren’t one of those, are you?” But it was never used against me except by some of those around Max Shachtman (I always thought it ironic that Max ended up with Tom Kahn, whose homosexuality was an open secret, as one of the few who remained on his side to the end). Within the War Resisters League (WRL), where I worked on staff for 39 years, it was never an issue, not because there was some secret gay cabal in the WRL, but because the radical tradition of the secular pacifists was much more profoundly radical than that of most Marxists. Bayard Rustin wasn’t hired by WRL because he was gay (or black) but because he was incredibly talented. (Let it be noted, as part of the historical record, and as a reminder that even great leaders have feet of clay, that A.J. Muste, so clearly a mentor for me, resigned from the executive committee of WRL in protest against the hiring of Bayard, because he felt Rustin’s record of making indiscreet homosexual passes would threaten the organization. And Bayard himself, in 1969, when the WRL magazine WIN had a “gay liberation” issue, with pieces from Paul Goodman, Allen Ginsberg and myself, phoned Ralph DiGia to say, “you guys are going to have to fire David — he will destroy the organization.” I never held this against Bayard, understanding only too well what his own experience had taught him.)

我在社会党内经历了一些小小的偏见。已故的和近乎伟大的Samuel H. Friedman(一位犹太教徒,他的妻子是爱尔兰天主教徒)对我说:“我听说过McReynolds同志的一些令人讨厌的事情,但我不相信他们。 “Dwight MacDonald曾经说过:“你不是其中之一,对吧?”但除了Max Shachtman身边的一些人之外,同性恋这一事实从来没有被用来反对我(我一直认为Max 最终结束与Tom Kahn的关系是很讽刺的,Tom Kahn是同性恋者是一个公开的秘密,作为少数仍然支持他的人之一) 。在我担任过39年工作人员的反对战争联盟(WRL)内部,这不是一个问题,也不是因为WRL有一些秘密的同性恋集团,而是因为世俗和平主义者的激进传统比大多数马克思主义者更为激进。 Bayard Rustin,不是因为他是同性恋(或黑人)才被WRL聘用,而是因为他非常有才华。 (值得注意的是,作为历史记录的一部分,并且作为一个提醒,即使是伟大的领导者也有粘土的脚步,AJ Muste,显然是我的导师,从WRL的执行委员会辞职,以抗议雇用Bayard,因为他觉得Rustin做出轻率的同性恋通行证的记录会威胁组织,而且在1969年,当WRL杂志WIN有一个“同性恋解放”的问题,并放有Paul Goodman,Allen Ginsberg和我的作品时,他打电话给Ralph DiGia说,“你们将不得不开除David – 他会摧毁这个组织。”我从来没有反对过Bayard,只知道他自己的经验教会了他。)

My personal take on the homosexual issue is controversial. I don’t think homosexuality is “normal” any more than I think my brown eyes are “normal” or my height, of 6′ 3″ is “normal.” Normal is a matter of a norm within a society. Natural is another matter altogether — homosexuality is as natural as any other form of sexual expression. I have found it hard to get used to transsexuals, etc. because those are things that happened long after I discovered who I was. Nor did I understand cross-dressing (except that I’ve learned many transvestites are not homosexual at all, but quite straight). I believe the curve of nature is to reproduce, and for this purpose a good bit of heterosexuality is essential. But in the whole of the animal kingdom there is always, also, a remarkable display of homosexuality. It ain’t the norm, but it is very natural.

我个人对同性恋问题的看法是有争议的。 我认为同性恋不是“正常的”,就像我不认为我的棕色眼睛是“正常的”或我的身高,6’3“是”正常的“。正常是社会中规范的问题。 同性恋与任何其他形式的性表达一样自然,我发现很难习惯变性者等,因为那些事情是在我发现我是谁后才发生的事情,我也不了解穿越性行为 (除了我学会了很多异装癖者根本不是同性恋者,而是直男)我相信自然界的曲线是再生产的,为了这一目的,很好的异性恋是很重要的,但是在整个动物王国 同性恋也总是有非凡的表现,这不是规范,但是这是非常自然的。

The task of socialists who seek “the liberation of all” must be to understand that this must include all the byways of human sexuality. The only exceptions are forms of sexuality that harm people against their will. Sadomasochism is neither straight nor homosexual — it permeates much of our society. So long as it is consensual we have to accept it, even if we don’t understand it. Children are off- limits not because they are innocent (Freud would be amused at the idea that children were ever really innocent) but because they too easily become victims.

寻求“解放所有人”的这一社会主义者的任务必须被理解为这必须包括人类性行为的所有方面。 唯一的例外是伤害人们并且违背他们的意志的性活动形式。 虐恋不是直的,也不是同性恋的 – 它渗透到我们社会的很多地方。 只要它是自愿的,我们必须接受它,即使我们不理解它。 孩子们被禁止进行性行为不是因为他们是无辜的(弗洛伊德会思考孩子们是否真的是无辜的),而是因为他们很容易成为受害者。

Once I asked a group of young gays and lesbians what they thought about the movement for “inter-generational” sex. They laughed and said they noted that the magazines pushing this view all seemed to carry illustrations of young boys — never of old men. The kids were right. They had put their finger on why there need to be legal limits. But even conceding this, those limits are often unreal — whether in homosexual or heterosexual relations. It is hard to persuade me that a sexual liaison between a 16 year old and a 25 year old is some perversion.

有一次,我问了一群年轻的男同性恋者和女同性恋者关于他们对“代际间”性行为的看法。 他们笑了起来,并表示他们指出,推动这种观点的杂志似乎都带有年轻男孩的插图 – 从来没有老人。 孩子们是对的。 他们指责为什么需要有法律限制。 但即使承认这一点,这些限制往往是不真实的 – 无论是在同性恋或异性恋关系。 很难说服我去认可16岁到25岁之间的性关系有些变态。

A quick note on gay rights and the presence of gays within left organizations. We have always been there. I remember in the early 1950s that in California one friend had been expelled from the Socialist Youth League (linked to Shachtman’s Independent Socialist League) because he was gay. I know from talking with Dorothy Healey that there was a similar policy in the Communist Party — they were worried about possible dangers of blackmail. And until fairly recently it was true of both the main Trotskyist groups and of the Maoist groups (Bob Avakian of the Revolutionary Communist Party viewed homosexuality as a disease of capitalism).

关于同性恋权利的以及左派组织中同性恋的存在的简要记录。 我们一直在那里。 我记得在1950s早期,在加利福尼亚州,一个朋友被赶出了社会主义青年团(与Shachtman的独立社会主义联盟有关),因为他是同性恋。 我知道,在与Dorothy Healey谈话时,共产党也有类似的政策 – 他们担心可能存在敲诈的危险。 直到最近,主要托派团体和毛派团体(革命共产党的Bob Avakian都认为同性恋是资本主义的疾病)。(这些美国的托派真够脑残的,知道当年托洛茨基是支持同性恋平权,并推动了沙俄时期压迫同性恋者的法律的废除吗?至于毛派倒是不奇怪,斯大林和毛贼都是压迫同性恋者的。)

The irony, for those of us with any sense of history, is that while the Soviet Union became quite puritanical under Stalin, the Bolsheviks, shortly after taking power, eliminated the laws relating to homosexuality. (And, I might add, they abolished the death penalty).

对于我们这些了解历史的人来说,讽刺之处在于,虽然苏联在斯大林的统治下变得非常清教,但布尔什维克在上台后不久就取消了与同性恋有关的法律。(而且,我可以补充说,他们废除了死刑)。

When the first Gay Pride Parades took place, I joined them, because I felt they needed support. But they are now so large (and commercial) that I don’t feel a moral obligation to attend.

当第一次同性恋骄傲游行发生时,我加入了他们,因为我觉得他们需要支持。 但他们现在这么大(和商业化),所以我不觉得有道义上的参与义务了。

On issues such as gay marriage, I am not at all sure if I would have wanted to be married back in the days when this might have made a difference to me (as I said, at 78, some things are academic). But while I might not have made that choice, men and women who are gay and lesbian should have the same right to be unhappy that heterosexual couples have. Why do straights feel that their marriages are threatened if homosexuals get married? How insecure are straights that they are nervous about full rights for gays and lesbians? A person who is comfortable with his or her own sexuality really doesn’t care. The only people who are nervous are those who have a deep homosexual streak they are trying to hide. Show me a gay-basher and I’ll show you someone just one step away from being queer. (This I know from dangerous personal experience, not theory.)

在同性婚姻等问题上,我一点也不确定自己是否愿意在可能对我产生影响的那些日子里结婚。(正如我所说的,在78岁时,有些事情是学术的)。 但是,虽然我可能没有做出这样的选择,但男女同性恋者应该对只有异性恋夫妻有权结婚感到不高兴。 为什么异性恋认为他们的婚姻在同性恋结婚后会受到威胁? 他们对男女同性恋者的完全权利感到紧张,异性恋有多么不安全? 一个对自己的性行为感到满意的人真的不在乎。 唯一感到紧张的人是那些试图隐藏自己的同性恋者。 给我看一个恐同者,我会告诉你有人离同性恋者只差一步。 (我从危险的个人经历中知道,而不是理论。)

Finally, I don’t think homosexuals need the same kind of concern on the left in the way that racial minorities do, or women, or the working class. In those cases we have groups that are systematically excluded from full rights in society. Ironically, when we come to homosexuals, you have Cardinals and offensive characters such as the late, unlamented Roy Cohn among the brotherhood. One reason that gay witch hunts peter out is that eventually you find too many public figures of wealth and power being tainted.

最后,我不认为同性恋者需要左派们进行和种族少数群体或妇女或工人阶级一样程度的关注。 在这些案例下,我们有一些被系统性的全面排除在社会权利之外的群体。 具有讽刺意味的是,当我们来到同性恋者身边时,你们会看到红衣主教和无礼的人物,比如已故的未开化的Roy Cohn。 同性恋猎巫的一个原因是,最终你会发现太多的拥有财富和权力的公众人物被污染。

The Left has done a pretty good job catching up with homosexuality, as it has with gender issues. My own concern is more along traditional socialist lines of class, but when we talk about liberating the oppressed, gays and lesbians are right up there at the top of that agenda, and we should not hesitate to embrace their rights.

左派在处理同性恋问题方面做得非常好,就像性别问题一样。 我个人更关注的是传统的社会主义阶级的划分,但是当我们谈论解放被压迫者的时候,当同性恋者在那个议程的顶端时,我们应该毫不犹豫地拥抱他们的权利。

Let me close by noting that the tragedy in the “old days” was how often the issue of homosexuality defined people, as if their form of sexual expression was the most important thing about them. I probably have never had an original idea, but do recognize one when I see it: Allen Ginsberg put it perfectly when he said that he was not a homosexual poet, but a poet who was homosexual.

让我关注一下,“过去的日子”中的悲剧是同性恋问题如何定义人们,好像他们的性表达形式是他们最重要的事情。 我可能从来没有一个原创的想法,但是当我看到它时确实承认它:Allen Ginsberg说,他不是一个同性恋诗人,而是一位诗人和同性恋者。

DAVID McREYNOLDS is a member of the Socialist Party, of Democratic Socialists of America, and of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. He was the Socialist Party’s candidate for President in 1980 and 2000, and the Green Party’s candidate for Senator from New York in 2004. He was probably the first openly gay Presidential candidate.

DAVID McREYNOLDS是社会主义党,美国社会民主主义,以及民主和社会主义相关委员会的成员。 他曾于1980年和2000年担任社会主义党总统候选人,并于2004年在纽约作为绿党(绿党属于生态社会主义)候选人参与参议员选举。他可能是第一位公开的同性恋总统候选人。

http://newpol.org/content/queer-reflections

Ilan Pappe, Jacobin: No, Israel Is Not a Democracy – And Never Was(Ilan Pappe, Jacobin: 不,以色列一点都不民主——而且从来没有民主过)

Israel is not the only democracy in the Middle East. In fact, it’s not a democracy at all.

以色列不是中东唯一的民主国家。事实上,以色列一点也不民主。

In the eyes of many Israelis and their supporters worldwide — even those who might criticize some of its policies — Israel is, at the end of the day, a benign democratic state, seeking peace with its neighbors, and guaranteeing equality to all its citizens.

在全世界许多以色列人及其支持者的眼中 – 即使是那些可能批评其一些政策的人 – 以色列迄今为止一直是一个温和的民主国家,寻求与邻国的和平,并保证所有公民的平等。

Those who do criticize Israel assume that if anything went wrong in this democracy then it was due to the 1967 war. In this view, the war corrupted an honest and hardworking society by offering easy money in the occupied territories, allowing messianic groups to enter Israeli politics, and above all else turning Israel into an occupying and oppressive entity in the new territories.

那些批评以色列的人认为,如果这场民主出现任何问题,那么这是由1967年的战争导致的。 在这个观点中,战争腐蚀了一个诚实勤劳的社会,在被占领的领土上提供了容易获取的金钱,使救世主团体能够进入以色列的政治,并最重要的是将以色列变成新领土上的一个占领和压迫的实体。

The myth that a democratic Israel ran into trouble in 1967 but still remained a democracy is propagated even by some notable Palestinian and pro-Palestinian scholars — but it has no historical foundation.

“民主的以色列在1967年遇到麻烦但依然保持民主的”,这一神话甚至被一些著名的巴勒斯坦和亲巴勒斯坦学者传播 – 但它没有历史依据。

Israel Before 1967 Was Not a Democracy

1967年之前的以色列一点都不民主

Before 1967, Israel definitely could not have been depicted as a democracy. As we have seen in previous chapters, the state subjected one-fifth of its citizenship to military rule based on draconian British Mandatory emergency regulations that denied the Palestinians any basic human or civil rights.

在1967年以前,以色列绝对不能被描绘成一个民主国家。 正如我们在前几章所看到的那样,根据严厉的英国强制性紧急条例,该州将五分之一的公民纳入军事统治,这些条例否认了巴勒斯坦人的任何基本的人权或公民权利。

Local military governors were the absolute rulers of the lives of these citizens: they could devise special laws for them, destroy their houses and livelihoods, and send them to jail whenever they felt like it. Only in the late 1950s did a strong Jewish opposition to these abuses emerge, which eventually eased the pressure on the Palestinian citizens.

地方军事总督是这些公民生命的绝对统治者:他们可以为他们制定特别法律,摧毁他们的房屋和生计,并不顾他们的感受将他们送进监狱。 直到20世纪50年代后期,犹太人强烈反对这些虐待行为,才最终缓解了对巴勒斯坦公民的压力。

For the Palestinians who lived in prewar Israel and those who lived in the post-1967 West Bank and the Gaza Strip, this regime allowed even the lowest-ranking soldier in the IDF to rule, and ruin, their lives. They were helpless if such a solider, or his unit or commander, decided to demolish their homes, or hold them for hours at a checkpoint, or incarcerate them without trial. There was nothing they could do.

对于生活在战前以色列的巴勒斯坦人和住在1967年西岸和加沙地带的巴勒斯坦人来说,这个政权甚至允许以色列国防军中最低级的士兵去统治和毁灭他们的生命。 如果这样的士兵或他的部队或指挥官决定拆除他们的房屋,或者在检查站将他们监禁几个小时,或者未经审判就对他们进行监禁,他们是无助的。 他们无能为力。

At every moment from 1948 until today, there had been some group of Palestinians undergoing such an experience.

从1948年到今天的每一个时刻,都有一些巴勒斯坦人有过这样的经历。

The first group to suffer under such a yoke was the Palestinian minority inside Israel. It began in the first two years of statehood when they were pushed into ghettos, such as the Haifa Palestinian community living on the Carmel mountain, or expelled from the towns they had inhabited for decades, such as Safad. In the case of Isdud, the whole population was expelled to the Gaza Strip.

遭受这种枷锁的第一批人是以色列境内的巴勒斯坦少数民族。 它开始于建国的头两年,当时它们被推入贫民窟,例如生活在Carmel山上的Haifa巴勒斯坦社区的巴勒斯坦人,或被驱逐出他们居住数十年的城镇,例如Safad。 就Isdud的案例而言,全部人口都被驱逐到加沙地带。

In the countryside, the situation was even worse. The various Kibbutz movements coveted Palestinian villages on fertile land. This included the socialist Kibbutzim, Hashomer Ha-Zair, which was allegedly committed to binational solidarity.

在农村,情况更糟。 各种基布兹运动在肥沃的土地上将巴勒斯坦人的村庄强行变成泥地。 这包括社会主义基布兹,哈森哈泽尔,他们声称这是致力于两国间的团结。

Long after the fighting of 1948 had subsided, villagers in Ghabsiyyeh, Iqrit, Birim, Qaidta, Zaytun, and many others, were tricked into leaving their homes for a period of two weeks, the army claiming it needed their lands for training, only to find out on their return that their villages had been wiped out or handed to someone else.

在1948年的战斗平息很久之后,Ghabsiyyeh,Iqrit,Birim,Qaidta,Zaytun和其他许多村民被诱骗离开家园两周,军队宣称需要他们的土地进行训练,而他们返回时发现他们的村庄已被毁灭或交给别人。

This state of military terror is exemplified by the Kafr Qasim massacre of October 1956, when, on the eve of the Sinai operation, forty-nine Palestinian citizens were killed by the Israeli army. The authorities alleged that they were late returning home from work in the fields when a curfew had been imposed on the village. This was not the real reason, however.

1956年10月的Kafr Qasim大屠杀证明了这种军事恐怖状态,当时在西奈行动前夕,有四十九名巴勒斯坦公民被以色列军队杀死。 当局称,当村里实施宵禁时,他们迟迟不回家下班。 然而,这不是真正的原因。

Later proofs show that Israel had seriously considered the expulsion of Palestinians from the whole area called the Wadi Ara and the Triangle in which the village sat. These two areas — the first a valley connecting Afula in the east and Hadera on the Mediterranean coast; the second expanding the eastern hinterland of Jerusalem — were annexed to Israel under the terms of the 1949 armistice agreement with Jordan.

后来的证据表明,以色列认真考虑将巴勒斯坦人从称为Wadi Ara和村落所在的三角地带的整个地区驱赶出去。这两个地区 – 第一个连接东部的Afula和地中海沿岸的Hadera的山谷; 第二个扩大东耶路撒冷腹地 – 根据1949年与约旦的停战协定的条款,它们被并入以色列。

As we have seen, additional territory was always welcomed by Israel, but an increase in the Palestinian population was not. Thus, at every juncture, when the state of Israel expanded, it looked for ways to restrict the Palestinian population in the recently annexed areas.

正如我们所看到的,以色列总是欢迎更多的领土,但巴勒斯坦人口的增加并不受欢迎。 因此,在以色列国扩大的每个时刻,它都在寻找办法限制最近被吞并的地区的巴勒斯坦人。

Operation “Hafarfert” (“mole”) was the code name of a set of proposals for the expulsion of Palestinians when a new war broke out with the Arab world. Many scholars today now think that the 1956 massacre was a practice run to see if the people in the area could be intimidated to leave.

“Hafarfert”(“mole”)行动是在与阿拉伯世界发生新的战争时驱逐巴勒斯坦人的一系列构想的代号。 今天许多学者认为,1956年的屠杀是一个实践,看看该地区的人是否可能被吓到离开。

The perpetrators of the massacre were brought to trial thanks to the diligence and tenacity of two members of the Knesset: Tawaq Tubi from the Communist Party and Latif Dori of the Left Zionist party Mapam. However, the commanders responsible for the area, and the unit itself that committed the crime, were let off very lightly, receiving merely small fines. This was further proof that the army was allowed to get away with murder in the occupied territories.

由于以色列议会的两名议员的勤奋和顽强:共产党的Tawaq Tubi和左翼犹太复国主义党Mapam的Latif Dori,这两个大屠杀的肇事者受到审判。 然而,负责该地区的指挥官以及犯下这一罪行的部队本身却被轻易放过,只被处以小额罚款。 这进一步证明了,军队被允许在被占领土上进行谋杀。

Systematic cruelty does not only show its face in a major event like a massacre. The worst atrocities can also be found in the regime’s daily, mundane presence.

系统性的残忍不仅在大屠杀等重大事件中表现出来。 在这个政权的日常和平凡的存在中也可以发现最严重的暴行。

Palestinians in Israel still do not talk much about that pre-1967 period, and the documents of that time do not reveal the full picture. Surprisingly, it is in poetry that we find an indication of what it was like to live under military rule.

以色列的巴勒斯坦人对1967年以前的时期仍然没有多少谈论,当时的文件也没有透露全貌。 令人惊讶的是,我们在诗歌中发现了生活在军事统治之下是怎样的。

Natan Alterman was one of the most famous and important poets of his generation. He had a weekly column, called “The Seventh Column,” in which he commented on events he had read or heard about. Sometimes he would omit details about the date or even the location of the event, but would give the reader just enough information to understand what he was referring to. He often expressed his attacks in poetic form:

Natan Alterman是他那一代中最着名和最重要的诗人之一。 他有一个名为“第七纵队”的每周专栏,他在其中评论他阅读或听说过的事件。 有时他会忽略有关日期甚至事件地点的详细信息,但会给读者提供足够的信息来了解他指的是什么。 他经常以诗歌的形式表达他的攻击:

The news appeared briefly for two days, and disappeared. And no one seems to care, and no one seems to know. In the far away village of Um al-Fahem,

消息短暂出现两天,并消失。 似乎没有人关心,似乎也没有人知道。 在遥远的Um al-Fahem村,
Children — should I say citizens of the state — played in the mud And one of them seemed suspicious to one of our brave soldiers who

儿童 – 我应该说国家的公民 – 在泥里玩耍,其中一个似乎对我们的一个勇敢的士兵来说是可疑的,他
shouted at him: Stop!

对他喊:停下!
An order is an order

命令就是命令
An order is an order, but the foolish boy did not stand, He ran away

命令就是命令,但这个愚蠢的男孩没有停下,他跑了
So our brave soldier shot, no wonder And hit and killed the boy.

所以我们勇敢的士兵开枪射击,击中并打死了这个男孩。

And no one talked about it.

没有人谈论它。

On one occasion he wrote a poem about two Palestinian citizens who were shot in Wadi Ara. In another instance, he told the story of a very ill Palestinian woman who was expelled with her two children, aged three and six, with no explanation, and sent across the River Jordan. When she tried to return, she and her children were arrested and put into a Nazareth jail.

有一次,他写了一首关于两名巴勒斯坦公民在Wadi Ara遭到枪击的诗。 在另一个例子中,他讲述了一个病重的巴勒斯坦妇女的故事,她和两个三岁和六岁的孩子一起被驱逐,但没有任何解释,并被送往约旦河。 当她试图返回时,她和她的孩子们被逮捕并被关入拿撒勒监狱。

Alterman hoped that his poem about the mother would move hearts and minds, or at least elicit some official response. However, he wrote a week later:

Alterman希望他的关于母亲的诗能够引起人们的注意,或者至少引起官方的回应。 不过,他一周后写道:

And this writer assumed wrongly

这位作者的假设是错误的
That either the story would be denied or explained But nothing, not a word.

但是这个故事没有被否认或解释,一个词也没有。

There is further evidence that Israel was not a democracy prior to 1967. The state pursued a shoot-to-kill policy towards refugees trying to retrieve their land, crops, and husbandry, and staged a colonial war to topple Nasser’s regime in Egypt. Its security forces were also trigger happy, killing more than fifty Palestinian citizens during the period from 1948–1967.

有进一步的证据表明,以色列在1967年之前不是民主国家。政府对试图夺回他们的土地,农作物和农业的难民实行射杀政策,并举行了一场殖民战争,以推翻纳赛尔在埃及的政权。 其安全部队也很高兴的开枪,在1948年至1967年期间杀死了五十多名巴勒斯坦公民。

Subjugation of Minorities in Israel Is Not Democratic

征服以色列的少数民族是不民主的

The litmus test of any democracy is the level of tolerance it is willing to extend towards the minorities living in it. In this respect, Israel falls far short of being a true democracy.

任何民主的试金石都是它对其中的少数群体延伸的宽容意愿的程度。 在这方面,以色列远未成为真正的民主国家。

For example, after the new territorial gains several laws were passed ensuring a superior position for the majority: the laws governing citizenship, the laws concerning land ownership, and most important of all, the law of return.

例如,在新的领土取得之后,通过了多项法律,确保了多数人的优越地位:有关公民权的法律,关于土地所有权的法律,以及最重要的是返回法。

The latter grants automatic citizenship to every Jew in the world, wherever he or she was born. This law in particular is a flagrantly undemocratic one, for it was accompanied by a total rejection of the Palestinian right of return — recognized internationally by the UN General Assembly Resolution 194 of 1948. This rejection refuses to allow the Palestinian citizens of Israel to unite with their immediate families or with those who were expelled in 1948.

后者为世界上每一个犹太人提供自动公民身份,无论他出生在哪里。 特别是这项法律是一种公然不民主的法律,因为它伴随着巴勒斯坦人的回归权 – 被联合国大会1948年第194号决议国际承认。这种拒绝法律拒绝让以色列的巴勒斯坦公民和他们的直系亲属或在1948年被驱逐的人团结起来。

Denying people the right of return to their homeland, and at the same time offering this right to others who have no connection to the land, is a model of undemocratic practice.

剥夺人民返回家园的权利,同时向与土地无关的其他人提供这种权利,这是典型的不民主的做法。

Added to this was a further layering of denial of the rights of the Palestinian people. Almost every discrimination against the Palestinian citizens of Israel is justified by the fact that they do not serve in the army. The association between democratic rights and military duties is better understood if we revisit the formative years in which Israeli policy makers were trying to make up their minds about how to treat one-fifth of the population.

此外,巴勒斯坦人民的权利受到了进一步的剥夺。 几乎所有针对以色列巴勒斯坦公民的歧视都被解释为因为他们不在军队服役。 如果我们重新审视以色列政策制定者试图如何处理五分之一人口的想法,那么民主权利与军事责任之间的关系就会得到更好的理解。

Their assumption was that Palestinian citizens did not want to join the army anyway, and that assumed refusal, in turn, justified the discriminatory policy against them. This was put to the test in 1954 when the Israeli ministry of defense decided to call up those Palestinian citizens eligible for conscription to serve in the army. The secret service assured the government that there would be a widespread rejection of the call-up.

他们的假设是,巴勒斯坦公民不想加入军队,而根据这种假设,这种歧视政策反过来也是合理的。 1954年,当以色列国防部决定召集那些有资格被征召的巴勒斯坦公民在军队中服役时,这一点就经受了考验。 秘密机构向政府保证,巴勒斯坦人会广泛的拒绝接受这个呼吁。

To their great surprise, all those summoned went to the recruiting office, with the blessing of the Communist Party, the biggest and most important political force in the community at the time. The secret service later explained that the main reason was the teenagers’ boredom with life in the countryside and their desire for some action and adventure.

令他们非常惊讶的是,所有被召集的人都前往招聘办公室,同时得到了当时社区最大最重要的政治力量 – 共产党的祝福。 秘密机构后来解释说,主要原因是青少年对农村生活的厌倦以及他们对某些行动和冒险的渴望。

Notwithstanding this episode, the ministry of defense continued to peddle a narrative that depicted the Palestinian community as unwilling to serve in the military.

尽管如此,国防部仍继续推销关于巴勒斯坦社区不愿意服兵役的叙述。

Inevitably, in time, the Palestinians did indeed turn against the Israeli army, who had become their perpetual oppressors, but the government’s exploitation of this as a pretext for discrimination casts huge doubt on the state’s pretense to being a democracy.

不可避免的是,巴勒斯坦人确实会转而反对以色列军队,他们已经成为他们永久的压迫者,但政府以此为借口进行歧视,让人对他们声称民主国家这一点产生了巨大的怀疑。

If you are a Palestinian citizen and you did not serve in the army, your rights to government assistance as a worker, student, parent, or as part of a couple, are severely restricted. This affects housing in particular, as well as employment — where 70 percent of all Israeli industry is considered to be security-sensitive and therefore closed to these citizens as a place to find work.

如果你是巴勒斯坦公民,并且你没有在军队服役,你作为工人,学生,家长或作为夫妻的一部分的政府援助的权利受到严格限制。 这尤其会影响住房和就业 – 在以色列所有工业中,70%被认为是对安全敏感的,因此对这些公民是关闭的。

The underlying assumption of the ministry of defense was not only that Palestinians do not wish to serve but that they are potentially an enemy within who cannot be trusted. The problem with this argument is that in all the major wars between Israel and the Arab world the Palestinian minority did not behave as expected. They did not form a fifth column or rise up against the regime.

国防部的基本假设不仅是巴勒斯坦人不希望服役,而且他们是一个不可信任的潜在的敌人。 这个论点的问题在于,在以色列和阿拉伯世界之间的所有重大战争中,巴勒斯坦少数族群的表现并不如预期。 他们没有形成第五纵队,或者起义。

This, however, did not help them: to this day they are seen as a “demographic” problem that has to be solved. The only consolation is that still today most Israeli politicians do not believe that the way to solve “the problem” is by the transfer or expulsion of the Palestinians (at least not in peacetime).

然而,这并没有帮助到他们:直到今天,他们仍然被视为需要解决的“人口”问题。 唯一令人感到安慰的是,今天仍然大多数以色列政客不相信解决“问题”的方式是转移或驱逐巴勒斯坦人(至少不是在和平时期)。

Israeli Land Policy Is Not Democratic

以色列的土地政策一点也不民主

The claim to being a democracy is also questionable when one examines the budgetary policy surrounding the land question. Since 1948, Palestinian local councils and municipalities have received far less funding than their Jewish counterparts. The shortage of land, coupled with the scarcity of employment opportunities, creates an abnormal socioeconomic reality.

当人们审视围绕土地问题的预算政策时,宣称自己是民主国家也是有问题的。 自1948年以来,巴勒斯坦地方议会和市镇得到的拨款比犹太人少得多。 土地短缺,再加上就业机会的稀缺,造成了一个异常的社会经济现实。

For example, the most affluent Palestinian community, the village of Me’ilya in the upper Galilee, is still worse off than the poorest Jewish development town in the Negev. In 2011, the Jerusalem Post reported that “average Jewish income was 40 percent to 60 percent higher than average Arab income between the years 1997 to 2009.”

例如,最富裕的巴勒斯坦社区,即上Galilee的Me’ilya村,比Negev最贫穷的犹太发展城镇还要糟糕。 在2011年,“耶路撒冷邮报”报道说:“平均犹太人收入比1997年至2009年阿拉伯人平均收入高出40%至60%。”

Today more than 90 percent of the land is owned by the Jewish National Fund (JNF). Landowners are not allowed to engage in transactions with non-Jewish citizens, and public land is prioritized for the use of national projects, which means that new Jewish settlements are being built while there are hardly any new Palestinian settlements. Thus, the biggest Palestinian city, Nazareth, despite the tripling of its population since 1948, has not expanded one square kilometer, whereas the development town built above it, Upper Nazareth, has tripled in size, on land expropriated from Palestinian landowners.

今天,90%以上的土地归犹太人国家基金会(JNF)所有。 不允许土地所有者与非犹太公民进行交易,公共用地优先用于国家项目,这意味着新的犹太人定居点正在建设,而几乎没有任何新的巴勒斯坦定居点。 因此,巴勒斯坦最大的城市Nazareth尽管自1948年以来人口增加了三倍,但并没有扩大一平方公里,而在Nazareth以上建成的发展中城市,在从巴勒斯坦地主手中征用的土地上,规模增加了三倍。

Further examples of this policy can be found in Palestinian villages throughout Galilee, revealing the same story: how they have been downsized by 40 percent, sometimes even 60 percent, since 1948, and how new Jewish settlements have been built on expropriated land.

在Galilee各地的巴勒斯坦村庄可以找到这一政策的其他例子,它们揭示了同样的故事:自1948年以来,它们如何被缩小40%,有时甚至达到60%,以及在被征用的土地上新建犹太人定居点的方式。

Elsewhere this has initiated full-blown attempts at “Judaization.” After 1967, the Israeli government became concerned about the lack of Jews living in the north and south of the state and so planned to increase the population in those areas. Such a demographic change necessitated the confiscation of Palestinian land for the building of Jewish settlements.

在其他地方,这已经开始了全面的“犹太化”尝试。1967年以后,以色列政府担心在南部和北部生活的犹太人的数量太少,因此计划增加这些地区的人口。 这种人口变化需要没收巴勒斯坦土地来建造犹太人定居点。

Worse was the exclusion of Palestinian citizens from these settlements. This blunt violation of a citizen’s right to live wherever he or she wishes continues today, and all efforts by human rights NGOs in Israel to challenge this apartheid have so far ended in total failure.

更糟糕的是巴勒斯坦公民被排除在这些定居点之外。 这种对公民的生存权利的直接侵犯,以及以色列境内的非政府人权组织对以色列种族隔离进行挑战的种种努力迄今已彻底失败。

The Supreme Court in Israel has only been able to question the legality of this policy in a few individual cases, but not in principle. Imagine if in the United Kingdom or the United States, Jewish citizens, or Catholics for that matter, were barred by law from living in certain villages, neighborhoods, or maybe whole towns? How can such a situation be reconciled with the notion of democracy?

以色列最高法院只能在少数个案中质疑这项政策的合法性,但原则上不能。 想象一下,如果在英国或美国,犹太公民或天主教徒因此而被法律禁止居住在某些村庄,社区或整个城镇? 这种情况如何与民主概念相协调?

Thus, given its attitude towards two Palestinian groups — the refugees and the community in Israel — the Jewish state cannot, by any stretch of the imagination, be assumed to be a democracy.

因此,鉴于其对两个巴勒斯坦团体(难民和在以色列社区的人)的态度,犹太国家无论如何不能将被想象成一个民主国家。

But the most obvious challenge to that assumption is the ruthless Israeli attitude towards a third Palestinian group: those who have lived under its direct and indirect rule since 1967, in East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. From the legal infrastructure put in place at the outset of the war, through the unquestioned absolute power of the military inside the West Bank and outside the Gaza Strip, to the humiliation of millions of Palestinians as a daily routine, the “only democracy” in the Middle East behaves as a dictatorship of the worst kind.

但是对这种假设的最明显挑战是以色列对第三个巴勒斯坦人群的冷酷态度:那些自1967年以来处在以色列在东耶路撒冷,西岸和加沙地带的直接和间接统治的人。从战争一开始就建立起来的法律基础设施,通过西岸和加沙地带以外军队的毫无疑问的绝对权力,带来了对数百万巴勒斯坦人的就像日常生活一样的羞辱,“唯一的民主”在 中东的行为是最糟糕的独裁。

The main Israeli response, diplomatic and academic, to the latter accusation is that all these measures are temporary — they will change if the Palestinians, wherever they are, behave “better.” But if one researches, not to mention lives in, the occupied territories, one will understand how ridiculous these arguments are.

以色列针对后一种指控的主要回应是,所有这些措施都是暂时的 – 如果巴勒斯坦人无论在哪里都表现“更好”,那么这些措施就会发生变化。但是,如果有人研究,更不用说居住在被占领的领土上,人们会明白这些论点是多么荒谬。

Israeli policy makers, as we have seen, are determined to keep the occupation alive for as long as the Jewish state remains intact. It is part of what the Israeli political system regards as the status quo, which is always better than any change. Israel will control most of Palestine and, since it will always include a substantial Palestinian population, this can only be done by nondemocratic means.

正如我们所看到的,以色列的决策者决心只要犹太人的国家保持完好就维持占领。 这是以色列政治体系中认为是现状的一部分,而且总是比任何改变都要好。 以色列将控制大部分巴勒斯坦,并且由于它将一直包括大量巴勒斯坦人口,这只能通过非民主的手段来实现。

In addition, despite all the evidence to the contrary, the Israeli state claims that the occupation is an enlightened one. The myth here is that Israel came with good intentions to conduct a benevolent occupation but was forced to take a tougher attitude because of the Palestinian violence.

此外,尽管所有证据都证明了相反的事实,但以色列政府声称占领是开明的。 这里的神话是,以色列善意地进行仁慈的占领,但由于巴勒斯坦的暴力,他们被迫采取更强硬的态度。

In 1967, the government treated the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as a natural part of “Eretz Israel,” the land of Israel, and this attitude has continued ever since. When you look at the debate between the right- and left-wing parties in Israel on this issue, their disagreements have been about how to achieve this goal, not about its validity.

1967年,政府将约旦河西岸和加沙地带视为以色列土地“Eretz 以色列”的自然组成部分,这种态度一直持续至今。 当你看到以色列右翼和左翼政党就这个问题展开的争论时,他们的分歧是如何实现这一目标,而不是其合法性。

Among the wider public, however, there was a genuine debate between what one might call the “redeemers” and the “custodians.” The “redeemers” believed Israel had recovered the ancient heart of its homeland and could not survive in the future without it. In contrast, the “custodians” argued that the territories should be exchanged for peace with Jordan, in the case of the West Bank, and Egypt in the case of the Gaza Strip. However, this public debate had little impact on the way the principal policy makers were figuring out how to rule the occupied territories.

然而,在广大公众中,人们可以称之为“救赎者”和“监护人”之间存在真正的争论。“救赎者”认为,以色列已经恢复了祖国的古老心脏,如果没有它,将来无法生存。 相比之下,“保管人”则认为,应该与约旦和平交换西岸领土,和埃及和平交换加沙地带的领土。 然而,这次公开辩论对主要决策者如何统治被占领土的方式几乎没有影响。

The worst part of this supposed “enlightened occupation” has been the government’s methods for managing the territories. At first the area was divided into “Arab” and potential “Jewish” spaces. Those areas densely populated with Palestinians became autonomous, run by local collaborators under a military rule. This regime was only replaced with a civil administration in 1981.

这种所谓的“开明占领”最糟糕的部分是政府管理地区的方法。 起初该地区被分为“阿拉伯”空间和潜在的“犹太人”空间。 人口稠密的巴勒斯坦人所在的地区成为自治区,由当地合作者在军事统治下运作。 这个政权在1981年才被民政机构所取代。

The other areas, the “Jewish” spaces, were colonized with Jewish settlements and military bases. This policy was intended to leave the population both in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in disconnected enclaves with neither green spaces nor any possibility for urban expansion.

其他地区,“犹太人”空间,被犹太人定居点和军事基地殖民。 这项政策的目的是使西岸和加沙地带的居民离开飞地,既没有绿地,也没有任何城市扩张的可能性。

Things only got worse when, very soon after the occupation, Gush Emunim started settling in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, claiming to be following a biblical map of colonization rather than the governmental one. As they penetrated the densely populated Palestinian areas, the space left for the locals was shrunk even further.

在占领后不久,Gush Emunim开始在约旦河西岸和加沙地带定居,声称自己遵循圣经中的殖民地图而非政府地图。 当他们进入人口稠密的巴勒斯坦地区时,留给当地人的空间进一步缩小。

What every colonization project primarily needs is land — in the occupied territories this was achieved only through the massive expropriation of land, deporting people from where they had lived for generations, and confining them in enclaves with difficult habitats.

每个殖民化项目首先需要的是土地 – 在被占领土上,这只有通过大量征用土地,将人们从他们曾经世代居住的土地中驱逐出去,并将他们限制在栖息困难的飞地中才能实现。

When you fly over the West Bank, you can see clearly the cartographic results of this policy: belts of settlements that divide the land and carve the Palestinian communities into small, isolated, and disconnected communities. The Judaization belts separate villages from villages, villages from towns, and sometime bisect a single village.

当你飞越约旦河西岸时,你可以清楚地看到这项政策的制图结果:定居点带分割土地并将巴勒斯坦社区划分成小的,孤立的和不连贯的社区。 犹太化带将村庄与村庄分开,村庄与乡村分开,有时将一个村庄分成两半。

This is what scholars call a geography of disaster, not least since these policies turned out to be an ecological disaster as well: drying up water sources and ruining some of the most beautiful parts of the Palestinian landscape.

这就是学者所说的灾难地理学问题,尤其是因为这些政策也变成了一场生态灾难:枯竭了水源,破坏了巴勒斯坦地区中最美丽的地区。

Moreover, the settlements became hotbeds in which Jewish extremism grew uncontrollably — the principal victims of which were the Palestinians. Thus, the settlement at Efrat has ruined the world heritage site of the Wallajah Valley near Bethlehem, and the village of Jafneh near Ramallah, which was famous for its freshwater canals, lost its identity as a tourist attraction. These are just two small examples out of hundreds of similar cases.

此外,定居点成为犹太极端主义无法控制地增长的温床 – 其主要受害者是巴勒斯坦人。 因此,Efrat的定居点毁坏了Bethlehem附近Wallajah谷的世界遗产,以其淡水运河闻名的Ramallah附近的Jafneh村失去了作为旅游景点的身份。 这些只是几百个类似案例中的两个小例子。

Destroying Palestinians’ Houses Is Not Democratic

毁灭巴勒斯坦人的房屋一点也不民主

House demolition is not a new phenomenon in Palestine. As with many of the more barbaric methods of collective punishment used by Israel since 1948, it was first conceived and exercised by the British Mandatory government during the Great Arab Revolt of 1936–39.

毁灭房屋在巴勒斯坦不是一个新现象。 与1948年以来以色列采用的许多更加野蛮的集体惩罚方法一样,它最初是在英国军政府在1936年至1939年的大阿拉伯起义期间提出和执行的。

This was the first Palestinian uprising against the pro-Zionist policy of the British Mandate, and it took the British army three years to quell it. In the process, they demolished around two thousand houses during the various collective punishments meted out to the local population.

这是第一次反对英国授权的亲犹太复国主义政策的巴勒斯坦起义,并且英国军队花了三年时间才平息它。 在这个过程中,在对当地居民进行各种集体惩罚期间,他们拆除了大约两千间房屋。

Israel demolished houses from almost the first day of its military occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The army blew up hundreds of homes every year in response to various acts undertaken by individual family members.

以色列几乎在军事占领西岸和加沙地带的第一天就拆毁了房屋。 为了应对个别家庭成员的各种行为,军队每年都会炸毁数百个家庭。

From minor violations of military rule to participation in violent acts against the occupation, the Israelis were quick to send in their bulldozers to wipe out not only a physical building but also a focus of life and existence. In the greater Jerusalem area (as inside Israel) demolition was also a punishment for the unlicensed extension of an existing house or the failure to pay bills.

从轻微违反军事统治到参与反对占领的暴力行为,以色列人很快派出推土机,不仅消灭了一座实体建筑,而且还消灭了生活和生存的核心。 在大耶路撒冷地区(就像在以色列境内),拆迁也是对无证延长现有住房或未支付账单的惩罚。

Another form of collective punishment that has recently returned to the Israeli repertoire is that of blocking up houses. Imagine that all the doors and windows in your house are blocked by cement, mortar, and stones, so you can’t get back in or retrieve anything you failed to take out in time. I have looked hard in my history books to find another example, but found no evidence of such a callous measure being practiced elsewhere.

最近又回到了以色列剧目中的另一种集体惩罚形式是堵住房屋。 想象一下,房子里的所有门窗都被水泥,砂浆和石头挡住了,所以你不能及时取回任何你未能及时取出的东西。 我在我的历史书中努力寻找另一个类似案例,但没有发现在其他地方实践这种无情措施的证据。

Crushing Palestinian Resistance Is Not Democratic

镇压巴勒斯坦人的反抗一点也不民主

Finally, under the “enlightened occupation,” settlers have been allowed to form vigilante gangs to harass people and destroy their property. These gangs have changed their approach over the years.

最后,在“开明占领”下,定居者被允许组成民团,骚扰人民并摧毁他们的财产。 这些黑帮多年来改变了他们的方式。

During the 1980s, they used actual terror — from wounding Palestinian leaders (one of them lost his legs in such an attack), to contemplating blowing up the mosques on Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem.

在1980s,他们用实质上的恐怖手段 – 炸伤巴勒斯坦领导人(其中一人在这样的袭击中丧生),并考虑炸毁耶路撒冷的Haram al-Sharif清真寺。

In this century, they have engaged in the daily harassment of Palestinians: uprooting their trees, destroying their yields, and shooting randomly at their homes and vehicles. Since 2000, there have been at least one hundred such attacks reported per month in some areas such as Hebron, where the five hundred settlers, with the silent collaboration of the Israeli army, harassed the locals living nearby in an even more brutal way.

在本世纪,他们每天都在骚扰巴勒斯坦人:拔掉他们的树木,摧毁他们的土地,并随机对他们的家和车辆射击。 自2000年以来,在Hebron等地区每月至少发生一百次此类攻击,在这些地区,有五百名定居者在以色列军队的沉默合作下,以更残酷的方式骚扰住在附近的当地居民。

From the very beginning of the occupation then, the Palestinians were given two options: accept the reality of permanent incarceration in a mega-prison for a very long time, or risk the might of the strongest army in the Middle East. When the Palestinians did resist — as they did in 1987, 2000, 2006, 2012, 2014, and 2016 — they were targeted as soldiers and units of a conventional army. Thus, villages and towns were bombed as if they were military bases and the unarmed civilian population was shot at as if it was an army on the battlefield.

从占领一开始,巴勒斯坦人就有两种选择:接受在一座巨型监狱中永久监禁的持续了很长时间的现实,或者面对中东最强大的军队的威胁。 当巴勒斯坦人抵抗时 – 就像他们在1987年,2000年,2006年,2012年,2014年和2016年所做的那样 – 他们成为常规军队的士兵和部队的目标。 因此,村庄和小镇被轰炸,好像它们是军事基地一样,手无寸铁的平民被枪杀,好像它是战场上的一支军队一样。

Today we know too much about life under occupation, before and after Oslo, to take seriously the claim that nonresistance will ensure less oppression. The arrests without trial, as experienced by so many over the years; the demolition of thousands of houses; the killing and wounding of the innocent; the drainage of water wells — these are all testimony to one of the harshest contemporary regimes of our times.

今天,我们对Oslo之前和之后的占领下的生活知之甚少,以认真对待这一声明,即不抵抗将确保较少的压迫。 多年来经历过这么多次未经审判的逮捕; 数千房屋的拆除; 无辜的杀害和伤害; 水井的排水 – 这些都证明了以色列是我们这个时代最残忍的政权之一。

Amnesty International annually documents in a very comprehensive way the nature of the occupation. The following is from their 2015 report:

大赦国际每年以非常全面的方式记录占领的性质。 以下是他们2015年的报告:

In the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, Israeli forces committed unlawful killings of Palestinian civilians, including children, and detained thousands of Palestinians who protested against or otherwise opposed Israel’s continuing military occupation, holding hundreds in administrative detention. Torture and other ill-treatment remained rife and were committed with impunity.

在包括东耶路撒冷在内的西岸,以色列部队非法杀害包括儿童在内的巴勒斯坦平民,并拘留数千名抗议或以其他方式反对以色列持续军事占领的巴勒斯坦人,数百人被行政拘留。 酷刑和其他虐待仍然猖獗,并且逍遥法外。

The authorities continued to promote illegal settlements in the West Bank, and severely restricted Palestinians’ freedom of movement, further tightening restrictions amid an escalation of violence from October, which included attacks on Israeli civilians by Palestinians and apparent extrajudicial executions by Israeli forces. Israeli settlers in the West Bank attacked Palestinians and their property with virtual impunity. The Gaza Strip remained under an Israeli military blockade that imposed collective punishment on its inhabitants. The authorities continued to demolish Palestinian homes in the West Bank and inside Israel, particularly in Bedouin villages in the Negev/Naqab region, forcibly evicting their residents.

当局继续促进西岸的非法定居点,并严格限制巴勒斯坦人的行动自由,10月份暴力升级进一步加紧,包括巴勒斯坦人袭击以色列平民和以色列部队明显法外处决。 西岸的以色列定居者几乎不受惩罚地袭击巴勒斯坦人及其财产。 加沙地带仍然受到以色列对其居民实行集体惩罚的军事封锁。 当局继续在西岸和以色列境内拆毁巴勒斯坦人的住房,特别是在Negev/Naqab地区的贝都因人村庄,强行驱逐其居民。

Let’s take this in stages. Firstly, assassinations — what Amnesty’s report calls “unlawful killings”: about fifteen thousand Palestinians have been killed “unlawfully” by Israel since 1967. Among them were two thousand children.

我们分阶段进行。 首先,刺杀 – 大赦国际的报告称之为“非法杀人”:自1967年以来,大约有1万5千名巴勒斯坦人被以色列“非法”杀害,其中有两千名儿童。

Imprisoning Palestinians Without Trial Is Not Democratic

不经审判关押巴勒斯坦人一点也不民主

Another feature of the “enlightened occupation” is imprisonment without trial. Every fifth Palestinian in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has undergone such an experience.

“开明占领”的另一个特点是不经审判而入狱。 约旦河西岸和加沙地带每五名巴勒斯坦人中就有一人经历了这样的经历。

It is interesting to compare this Israeli practice with similar American policies in the past and the present, as critics of the boycott, divestment, and sanctions (BDS) movement claim that US practices are far worse. In fact, the worst American example was the imprisonment without trial of one hundred thousand Japanese citizens during World War II, with thirty thousand later detained under the so-called “war on terror.”

把这种以色列的做法与过去和现在的类似美国政策相比较是很有趣的,批评抵制,撤资和制裁(BDS)的运动声称美国的做法更糟。 事实上,美国最糟糕的例子是二战期间未经审判监禁了10万日本公民,后来在所谓的“反恐战争”中拘留了三万人。

Neither of these numbers comes even close to the number of Palestinians who have experienced such a process: including the very young, the old, as well as the long-term incarcerated.

这些数字都没有接近经历过这种暴行的巴勒斯坦人的数量:包括年轻人,老人以及长期被监禁者。

Arrest without trial is a traumatic experience. Not knowing the charges against you, having no contact with a lawyer and hardly any contact with your family are only some of the concerns that will affect you as a prisoner. More brutally, many of these arrests are used as means to pressure people into collaboration. Spreading rumors or shaming people for their alleged or real sexual orientation are also frequently used as methods for leveraging complicity.

未经审判就被逮捕是一种创伤性的经历。 你不知道对你的指控,与律师没有任何联系,几乎没有与你的家人有任何联系,只有一些会影响你作为囚犯的担忧。 更残酷的是,这些逮捕中的许多被用来作为压制人们合作的手段。 传播谣言或羞辱人们宣称的或真正的性取向也常被用作离间的手段。

As for torture, the reliable website Middle East Monitor published a harrowing article describing the two hundred methods used by the Israelis to torture Palestinians. The list is based on a UN report and a report from the Israeli human rights organization B’Tselem. Among other methods it includes beatings, chaining prisoners to doors or chairs for hours, pouring cold and hot water on them, pulling fingers apart, and twisting testicles.

至于酷刑,可靠的网站Middle East Monitor发表了一篇令人痛心的文章,描述了以色列人用来折磨巴勒斯坦人的200种方法。 这份清单是根据联合国的一份报告和以色列人权组织B’Tselem的报告撰写的。 其中包括殴打,将囚犯束缚在门或椅子上数小时,向他们泼冷水和热水,拉开手指,扭动睾丸。

Israel Is Not a Democracy

以色列一点也不民主

What we must challenge here, therefore, is not only Israel’s claim to be maintaining an enlightened occupation but also its pretense to being a democracy. Such behavior towards millions of people under its rule gives the lie to such political chicanery.

因此,我们在这里必须挑战的不仅仅是以色列维持开明的占领的声称,而且还有它的民主伪装。 在其统治下的针对数百万人的这种行为揭露了这种政治上的骗局。

However, although large sections of civil societies throughout the world deny Israel its pretense to democracy, their political elites, for a variety of reasons, still treat it as a member of the exclusive club of democratic states. In many ways, the popularity of the BDS movement reflects the frustrations of those societies with their governments’ policies towards Israel.

然而,尽管世界各地的大部分民间社会都拒绝了以色列的民主幌子,他们的政治精英出于各种原因仍将其视为民主国家专属俱乐部的成员。 在许多方面,BDS运动的普及反映了这些社会对他们的政府对以色列政策的不满。

For most Israelis these counterarguments are irrelevant at best and malicious at worst. The Israeli state clings to the view that it is a benevolent occupier. The argument for “enlightened occupation” proposes that, according to the average Jewish citizen in Israel, the Palestinians are much better off under occupation and they have no reason in the world to resist it, let alone by force. If you are a noncritical supporter of Israel abroad, you accept these assumptions as well.

对于大多数以色列人来说,这些反驳在最好情况下是无关紧要的,在最坏情况下则是恶意的。 以色列政府坚持认为它们是一位仁慈的占领者。 “开明占领”的论点认为,根据以色列普通犹太公民的说法,巴勒斯坦人在占领下的状况要好得多,他们没有任何理由反抗它,更不用说用武力反抗了。 如果你是以色列在国外的非批判支持者,你也接受这些假设。

There are, however, sections of Israeli society that do recognize the validity of some of the claims made here. In the 1990s, with various degrees of conviction, a significant number of Jewish academics, journalists, and artists voiced their doubts about the definition of Israel as a democracy.

然而,以色列社会的一些部门确实承认了这里提出的一些主张的有效性。 在20世纪90年代,大量犹太学者,记者和艺术家不同程度的表达了将以色列定义为民主国家的怀疑。

It takes some courage to challenge the foundational myths of one’s own society and state. This is why quite a few of them later retreated from this brave position and returned to toeing the general line.

挑战自己的社会和国家的基础性的神话需要一定的勇气。 这就是为什么其中不少人后来从这个勇敢的位置撤退了,返回了总体路线。

Nevertheless, for a while during the last decade of the last century, they produced works that challenged the assumption of a democratic Israel. They portrayed Israel as belonging to a different community: that of the nondemocratic nations. One of them, the geographer Oren Yiftachel from Ben-Gurion University, depicted Israel as an ethnocracy, a regime governing a mixed ethnic state with a legal and formal preference for one ethnic group over all the others. Others went further, labeling Israel an apartheid state or a settler-colonial state.

尽管如此,在上个世纪的最后十年里,他们制作了一些作品,挑战了民主以色列的假设。 他们将以色列描绘为属于不同的社区:非民主国家的社区。 其中一位来自Ben-Gurion大学的地理学家Oren Yiftachel将以色列描绘成一个民族独裁国家,一个管理混合民族国家的政权,对一个凌驾在其他所有其他民族的民族有合法和正式的偏爱。 其他人走得更远,将以色列称为种族隔离国家或定居者 – 殖民地国家。

In short, whatever description these critical scholars offered, “democracy” was not among them.

总之,无论这些批判学者提出的描述是怎样的,“民主”都不在其中。

Ilan Pappe, Jacobin: No, Israel Is Not a Democracy – And Never Was

世界杯的另一种打开方式,了解一下

(写在前面:我不是球迷,不了解足球,但我是个游戏迷,而我也看到了,电子游戏是如何从单纯的娱乐工具和思想载体蜕变成了大资本的吸金工具,内购制,DLC和赌博抽卡又是如何从出现到泛滥成灾的。足球是属于球迷还是属于老板们,这不是足球自己能决定的;同样,游戏是属于游戏迷还是属于老板们,也不是游戏自己能够决定的。资本主义会把一切都扭曲为吸金工具,把人扭曲为劳动力商品,而只有社会主义,才能终结这一切灾难!)

又是一年世界杯。为一个黑白小圆球而理直气壮地歇斯底里、放飞自我的球迷再一次怒刷存在感。他们熬夜看球,翘班看球,在网上嘶声力竭地对骂,爱情和事业都要为足球让路。哪怕对足球不感兴趣,围观群众们也大多会礼貌地表示关注。甚至,在这个快速变动的世界,四年一度的世界杯,已经成了许多人生命中的一个锚点。

图片来源:网易

然而,球迷们聚集在一起时释放的热情,包括他们认同的品质——团结、勇气、意志力和伟大的友谊,同时也成为了跨国资本在世界杯上的营销口号,而世界杯俨然成为了一个巨大的生意。美国、墨西哥和加拿大将举办2026年世界杯,他们成功的联合申办承诺了创纪录的观赛人数和营收,并且许诺国际足联将获得110亿美元的利润。在一个球员的转会费可以高达2.2亿欧元的今天,工会、革命、理想、社会主义,全部变成了被踢进历史垃圾堆的大词。足球,这项合法地承载人们激情的运动,沉浮在商业化的巨浪里,裹挟着暴力、腐败、种族歧视和民族主义,泥沙俱下。

诚然,足球本身的魅力绝不会因世事变迁而折损。但足球到底属于工人,还是属于资本家;是属于人民,还是属于反动派;是为被压迫、被损害、被侮辱的草根服务,还是为富可敌国、声色犬马、草菅人命的精英服务,却不是由足球自己说了算的。土逗今天要介绍的四位资深老球迷看到了这一点,他们的故事也许可以给我们带来看球的全新角度。

“给我一个漂亮的足球动作吧,看在上帝的份上!”

被中国研究者誉为“拉美鲁迅”的乌拉圭左翼记者和作家爱德华多·加莱亚诺如果还活着,那他一定不会错过今天开幕的世界杯。这位铁杆球迷自诩为“精彩足球的乞讨者”。为这项世界第一运动,加莱亚诺曾经专门写过一本散文集——《足球往事》——记录“那些阳光与阴影下的美丽和忧伤”。对资本主义和殖民主义的挞伐、对底层和第三世界的关怀,则延续到加莱亚诺对世界杯和足球的反思之中:

1934年世界杯,墨索里尼在意大利宣布第二届世界杯开幕,意大利球员向元首行法西斯敬礼。4年后,元首更是对球员们下达“胜利或者死亡”的命令;

1954年世界杯,巴西队在负于匈牙利队后,投诉裁判“偏袒共产主义而反对西方基督文明”;从1962年世界杯开始,迈阿密的消息灵通人士就一直宣称,卡斯特罗的倒台只是时间问题;

从1970年代起,商标登上球场的每个角落,球员成为移动的广告牌,国际足联却禁止球员在赛场上公开声援绝食老师讨薪和码头工人罢工;

国际足联成了私有公司,公开向世界出售足球这一商品,所有商业运作和巨额收入都秘而不宣;控制俱乐部和世界杯的,不是别人,正是一个个私有垄断公司;

阿根廷圣洛伦索队的传奇射手来到已经变成家乐福超市的球场旧址,向大家展示自己当年如何打出精彩进球,但留在原地的锅碗瓢盆、奶酪香肠、电池和剃须刀已经对此一无所知;

作为“世界足球的两极”,南美本土足球人才一直流失,处于全球食物链顶端的西欧豪门却坐享其成。当球王梅西富可敌国时,阿根廷每10个职业球员中,只有3个可以靠足球维生;

世界杯的比赛用球、球员穿在身上的球衣和装备、美轮美奂的球场,全部来自第三世界工人的血汗生产……

爱德华多·加莱亚诺(左)和中译版《足球往事》封面(右)

大半个世纪的球迷生涯,让加莱亚诺深感“足球不再属于球迷和球员”,反而成了“藏匿社会矛盾、躲避社会冲突的有效工具,也是不明资产和偷漏税收的藏身之所”。“今天的俱乐部是使用财富雇佣球员然后卖票表演的公司,在蒙骗国家、愚弄公众和侵犯劳工权利及其他权利方面,他们已经是驾轻就熟,还往往免于受罚。”

这不是加莱亚诺第一次这么尖锐了。他的扛鼎之作《拉丁美洲被切开的血管》曾被已故委内瑞拉总统查韦斯当成“礼物”送给时任美国总统的奥巴马。这本书以爱情小说和海盗小说的笔触写政治经济学,描绘了三个世纪以来,三代西方殖民者先是直接掠夺拉美的金银、农作物和矿产等自然资源,接着以自由贸易、铁路、贷款、阴谋和暴力扼杀拉美的民族工业,最终以投资、技术、经济援助、合资企业、金融机构和国际组织等手段彻底控制拉美的经济命脉,使拉美大陆及其人民永远背上了“哪里越是富得不能再富,哪里就越是穷得不能再穷”的诅咒。

2009年美洲峰会上,已故委内瑞拉总统查韦斯向时任美国总统奥巴马赠送《拉丁美洲被切开的血管》。
图片来源:elpais.com

如果加莱亚诺还活着,我们不妨猜想:比起拉美球队能否重拾昔日的华丽打法和彪炳战绩,比起对保守战术和功利哲学的厌恶,他可能更关心的还是足球正加速异化为金钱游戏的现状,以及撑起这四年一度盛会的所有普通劳动者。

“除了写作和性爱之外,足球是我最大的享受”

意大利著名艺术家皮埃尔·保罗·帕索里尼的另外两个身份,可能不为人熟知:他既是意大利共产党员(后遭开除),更是丰产的足球评论家,执教过多家欧洲豪门的知名教练法比奥·卡佩罗还激赏他的球技。我们可以推断,帕索里尼很可能是最会踢球的意大利思想家。

在1973年一次采访中,帕索里尼曾说,除了写作和性爱之外,足球就是他最大的享受。他在博洛尼亚的故居里甚至有一间足球主题的卧室。

帕索里尼曾用故乡的方言写诗,也用罗马郊区贫民窟的语言写小说。意大利左派特有的、从葛兰西继承来的乡土情结凝结成晨露和晚星,点缀在诗行间。但故乡是回不去的,意大利经济在腾飞,资本势如破竹,消费主义大行其道,现实就是城郊的穷人一无所有,道德败坏,如幽灵一样游荡在永恒之城的四周。《暴力人生》、《求生男孩》……帕索里尼成了贫民窟的专家,为大导演们撰写剧本,提供方言俚语方面的指导意见。

成为首都文化圈知名作家的帕索里尼,在意大利影视行业最辉煌的年代转战电影。从展示街边皮条客生活的处女作《乞丐》开始,帕索里尼沿着新现实主义前辈的道路继续向前,从良妓女、无业青年、龙套演员……帕索里尼将镜头慷慨地对准了这些最边缘的人物,明亮的画面中,低端成了崇高,贫瘠成了富饶。

图为帕索里尼(站立者)和他的两位御用演员

虽然帕索里尼的影片无一例外遭到审查制度的迫害,被起诉,被审查,被禁映,但这个作家改行来的业余导演从来没有妥协。他在胶片上搜集意大利从南到北的人们谈论“性解放”时的分歧,也剪辑新闻片使政府盖棺定论的冤案呈现出不同的叙述;他在电影中大胆批判着消费社会逼人吃屎的本质,同时也批判故步自封的意大利左翼政党;他用光影塑造出尚未被物化的性爱乌托邦,也攻讦第三世界在全球化的腐蚀下丧失的天真。

作为左翼诗人,帕索里尼从文学的角度看足球。他说,巴西足球是诗的足球,一切都以运球和球门为基础;而意大利呢,它著名的“ 链式防守 ”则是散文的足球,唯一的诗意时刻存在于反击的时候。帕索里尼声称,散文式足球和诗歌式足球没有高下之分。

但同时他也提醒我们,当代意大利诗歌,往往是典雅的,保守的,过分符合右翼美学。而拉美文学则是一场革命。社会的风气是可能会体现在足球战术上的。他很清楚,足球不是一个脱离社会的乌托邦。就像他的朋友、著名作家莫拉维亚说的:“我不愿成为足球或者是体育运动的无条件支持者,因为我知道它们是脱离现实的消遣方法。……足球是用来吸引年轻人的视线,以免他们参与革命……

意大利共产党前后两代“党魁”——葛兰西和陶里亚蒂——都是尤文图斯球迷。图为陶里亚蒂与尤文图斯老板在一起。

20来岁时加入意大利共产党的帕索里尼坚信,只有共产党能够提供一种新的真正的文化,以及对整个社会存在的解释。马克思和葛兰西共同构建了帕索里尼的精神殿堂。而足球、诗歌和爱则是他在意大利斗争激烈的社会中尚能偷到的快乐。

“总统先生,这是关乎英法关系的大事!”

法兰西第五共和国的第四位总统、该国首位民选左翼总统弗朗索瓦·密特朗,也是位超级大球迷。年轻时踢守门员位置的他,还是共和国唯一参加过法国杯赛决赛的总统。1995年,当效力于英超曼联队的法国球星坎通纳因为攻击一名对他发表歧视言论的球迷而遭逮捕时,坎通纳的母亲竟然找到密特朗的办公室主任,请她将这件事转告密特朗,“告诉总统,他必须致电英国女王,如果把坎通纳关进监狱,英法两国青年人的关系就完蛋了!”

密特朗曾在球队担任守门员。图片来源: Fran?ois Mitterrand (éditions Chronique, 2013, p. 23)

这位任期长达十四年的法国总统,曾任法国社会党第一总书记,是戴高乐最有威胁的左翼反对者,也是从五月风暴中走出的左翼政治家,他在任期内为法国留下了无数遗产。

在密特朗主政期间,他顶住法国主流的排犹主义压力,吸纳了数名犹太成员进入内阁。也是在他的任期内,法国成功废除了死刑,兑现了他竞选总统时的承诺。他还保护了一批从意大利流亡到法国的进步知识分子和活动家,其中就有著名左翼哲学家安东尼奥·奈格里。

1982年,密特朗推动法国迎来一次重要的司法改革。这一年,同性恋行为不能再成为房东驱赶、解约租客的理由。同年,同性恋被从精神病名单上删去。此后,密特朗实行了对同性恋的“大赦”。同时,在公务员应尽的义务中,涉嫌歧视的同性恋者的条款被删去。也是在这一年,法国举行了第二次“骄傲游行”,同志们在街头欢呼这场“胜利”。

不过1982年对法国球迷来说并不好过。在这一年的世界杯,法国在半决赛惜败联邦德国,无缘决赛。不过密特朗也就沮丧了两年:1984年欧洲锦标赛的决赛,由法国和西班牙两支足球队在巴黎争冠。坐在贵宾席上的法国总统密特朗不顾身旁的客人,每当法国队有精彩表现时,他就激动地大喊大叫,站起来高呼“法兰西,法兰西,万岁!”当法国队最终夺冠,密特朗满面春风,忘形地用双手推开众人,直接走向球场,与球队一同欢庆胜利。

“比赛只剩下6分钟,但我们还能创造奇迹”

2015年9月,年近70、低调朴素的老左派杰里米·科尔宾,凭借其旗帜鲜明的纲领,以近60%的得票,强势当选英国最大的在野党——工党——的党魁。让既得利益者和保守势力恐惧的科尔宾同志来自北伦敦,平时除了喜欢种菜、素食、骑自行车上下班,还是英超阿森纳队的死忠球迷。

2017年春,《卫报》在伦敦东北部一个公共足球场采访了科尔宾对草根足球的看法。老科的解释如下:

草根足球能让孩子们走出家中,放肆玩耍,然后去体会胜负,这对他们是很好的一课;

基层的业余俱乐部和业余教练员付出大量的时间精力去打理一切,却从中得不到什么回报。他们之所以会一直坚持,也因为他们坚信这项事业对孩子好。所以我们提出,要让英超俱乐部每年拿出5%的电视转播利润,投入到草根足球的人力和硬件建设中;

我们一直都认为非职业联赛和球迷所有的俱乐部很重要,因为那些到现场看球的人、那些掏钱买季票的人,那些购买电视观赛套餐的人才是俱乐部的主人。

科尔宾同志和《卫报》Copa 90栏目的小哥谈笑风生。图片来源:The Guardian

这些观点和科尔宾与工党“服务多数,而非少数”(for the many, not the few)的竞选口号一致。自媒体“纸老虎”曾经总结了科尔宾2015年时参选工党党魁的十大纲领:

一、要增长,不要紧缩。保证政府公共开支,不削减财政预算;
二、保证完整的福利系统,不让任何一个人掉队。如恢复住房补贴和残疾人补贴,取消延长退休年龄的计划;
三、将铁路、水电、能源和邮政系统重新收归国有;
四、加建公共住宅,控制房租,增加住房补贴;
五、停止医疗私有化,保证国民医疗保健系统(NHS)的资金供给,取消NHS员工的工资封顶,提高急症病人就医速度等;
六、取消零小时工作合同(zero hour contract)等灵活用工方式,提高最低工资标准,增强工人集体协商权利;
七、维护移民的平等权利。
八、取消大学学费,缩减学贷规模,恢复学生的生活补助,为小学生提供免费午餐等;
九、立即对气候变暖采取行动。
十、停止战争,取消三叉戟核系统(Trident)。

另外,他还对富裕的“少数”开刀,提出增收富人的个人所得税、企业税和伦敦金融城的交易税的纲领。这些纲领旗帜鲜明地反对私有制、扩大公共福利、保障普通工人利益,与当下的引起众怒的紧缩政策大相径庭。

科尔宾介绍工党纲领的演讲现场,座无虚席。图为追求社会平等、确保社会福利覆盖全民等标语。
图片来源:jeremycorbyn.org.uk

科尔宾的提案赢得了普通群众,尤其年轻人的支持。18-24岁的英国年轻人曾被认为普遍政治冷感,但他们在2017年6月大选中的投票率高达72%,工党在这群年轻人中的支持率则高达71%。近年来,英国老百姓实际工资不升反降、政府大幅削减公共福利、物价腾贵,而最富有的5%则掌握了越来越多的财富,科尔宾和工党的崛起并非偶然。

在《卫报》的采访结束前,记者问科尔宾是否认为工党能在6月的提前大选中实现逆转奇迹,因为当时民调显示,保守党的支持率大幅领先工党。科尔宾坦承,如果说大选是一场比赛,那现在比赛已经到了84分钟。目前的工党没有领先,甚至和对手不在一个水平线上,但他知道工党背负的是人民的精神和决心,所以呼吁大家走出家门为工党投票,奋战到比赛最后一分钟。仅仅一个多月后,他麾下的工党就硬是把保守党从绝对多数的位子上挤走了。

看来这还是应了那句老话:人民,只有人民,才是创造历史的动力。

工党的政纲封面,醒目地写着“服务多数,而非少数”

一篇文章里的精彩语句摘录(旧文)

(写在前面:原帖中还有一句”美国打着民主自由的旗号四处侵略“,当时的我觉得不妥,就没摘录,现在看来,这句话说得简直太对了!也许作者也是社会主义者?无论如何,如果想要真正消除仇恨,消除人为划分的国界,资本主义,就必须去死!)

这是一篇文明5超级大国模组的同人文章,写得非常精彩,更发人深思。作者应该是一个无国界主义者

里昂看到远处出现了中美联合舰队的船只,着急地说道:“什么前途?狗屁前途。间谍的工作,就是坑蒙拐骗偷,为了拿一份工资,就不惜出卖自己的良心,而且……都这个时代了,间谍已经没什么用了。”

“什么超级大国,狗屁超级大国。道貌岸然的领导人,演讲地慷慨激昂。打着爱国主义的旗号,对外疯狂扩张,屠杀他国百姓,把自己的国民送到战场上去当炮灰,不过都是为了自己称霸世界的野心……

“我看够了。我们都是大时代的小人物,但是小人物也有小人物的追求啊……我不想再做那些政治家手中的棋子,我想主宰我自己的命运,追求我理想的生活。我不想再为了拿到一份薪水去戴上虚伪的面具去欺骗别人,为了完成一份上面布置的工作去以正义的名义去伤害别人。这样的生活,已经够了!当我接到两国的任务,要求刺杀你和晓响雷电时……我已经受够了!”
“我知道……我的行为会造成什么样的后果。但是我认了。做自己想做的事情,是要付出代价的。”

夕立流着眼泪笑道:“里昂,我一直都以为你是个只知道拿高额薪水的人啊Poi。”

里昂也笑道,热泪盈眶:“我最看重的薪水,是我做为一个人的良心。”

里昂自言自语道:“如果战争也能萌化,那么……死亡不能。”

“……请记住那些,与你们并肩作战过的那些人。也请记住,与你们对着干的那些人……老兵不死,只是凋零……不要忘记战争,如果一定要忘记什么,请忘记仇恨。”

玄霄站起身来指着汽车车头说道:“你知道吗,多少人为了这两件破东西,失去了他们的生命?我们本来可以和谐相处的……结果……原来我们就是为了这么两件破玩意儿,打得天翻地覆?”
汽车:“凡人!你答对了!你们的所为利益,所谓梦想,所谓信念,所谓天命,所谓……各种看似无比高大上的东西,不过都是些孤豚腐鼠。你们的一生所为,就是为了这些破烂而去尔虞我诈,勾心斗角,互相残杀。愚蠢的人类,可怜,又可恨。嗡……”
玄霄:“我看,还是你无耻在先吧!这为了胜利而不择手段的游戏规则,不是你定的吗?这个一人胜利他人皆输的体制不是你打造的吗?是啊,我们也许是骗了自己,但你却骗了全世界!”

华盛顿:“把这一切再重复一遍,有什么意义吗……”
“我们一切的痛苦与伤害,不都源于你的规则和你的体制吗?”
“如果这个体制还在,规则仍然有效。我们再活一遍又有什么用?到了最后,再亲密的朋友们,还是要为了体制的规则而自相残杀。即使能转世重生,不过是再重演历史罢了……大家死过一次已经够了,不要再来一次了。”
“如果这个游戏的目标不是胜利,那么这个世界上的一切悲剧都不会发生了……那将是一个没有胜利规则,没有尔虞我诈,没有战争与杀戮,没有利益与斗争的地方。”
“大家都可以过着简单而幸福的生活,不必为了所谓的利益而彼此伤害,不必为了所谓的胜利而去做残忍的事情,不必为了保卫所谓的体制和规则而去抛弃基本的原则。”
“难道你不向往那样的世界吗,难道你就喜欢看大家彼此斗争和冲突吗?难道你就愿意看到一个最后所有人都死了的结局吗?”
“是的……这就是我的愿望。我不想再看到在我们之后,我们的后人,仍然为了这个体制去前仆后继,为了这个规则枉送性命。”

战场上的中美两国的将士们看着飞船升空,纷纷放下了武器。
天朝士兵放下枪,对着对面的美国军队问道:“游戏结束了……我们不打了吧……”
美国士兵痛快的扔掉头盔,脱下沉重的防弹衣:“不打了不打了!走!对面网吧撸啊撸!德玛西亚!”
两国将士们拥抱在一起。
不,他们已经不是士兵了。

第三次世界大战就这样突兀的开始,又突兀地结束了。
两国很快便选举出了新的领导团体,来处理战后的事宜。
两国的军队撤回了自己的驻地。
没有人遭到清算,没有人受到审判。两国人民埋葬了死难者的遗体,拆除了战争的武器。

不同肤色的孩子们在一起嬉笑着从战争纪念馆前走过。墙壁上,长长的遇难者名单中,有着许多我们曾经熟悉的名字。不管他们曾经属于什么国籍,不管他们曾经效忠于哪个阵营。在纪念馆的墙壁上,他们被永远的刻在了一起。

很快,两国政府和人民便忘记了国界线、领土,甚至是国家的概念,最终融为了一体。世界进入了永远的,不,是永恒的,和平。
http://tieba.baidu.com/p/3653620769?pn=27

https://plus.google.com/109790703964908675921/posts/TYyqBdZwo92

KMT就是法西斯政党,KMT民国是法西斯极权(资料摘录)

中华民国实际上有两个,一个是北伐之前的北洋民国,此时虽然问题多多,但还算的上共和国,也有个民主议会;但在北伐之后,取而代之的是KMT民国,而KMT民国是个法西斯极权国,而KMT呢,也是个恶心的极右法西斯党。

我的依据不是KMT在台湾的暴行与白色恐怖,有人说,那是共匪威胁下的恐惧,可以理解;我也不说KMT如何在二战时前方吃紧后方紧吃,抓状丁害死一千万中国人,还制造了1942大饥荒,文夕大火,有人说,那是日军逼迫,别无他法;咱们就来看看,KMT到底是个怎样的政党,北伐真相如何,北伐之后又干了些什么。

徐泽荣等:国人不知的北伐苏援真相

关于苏援军费,根据各种史料,作者估计33个月的总量不少于5,000万银元,即每月150万以上。它主要用于以下五个方面的开支:政府机构、黄埔军校、海陆两军、省港罢工、北伐战争、顾问薪金、西北友军等等。当然它不可能是完全充裕的,广州国民政府和西北军仍需自行补充课税筹款。苏联曾经调运煤油、木材来粤以拯匮乏,但应从无向中方提供过大笔民用款项,那样它也负担不起。陈洁如回忆录里可以找到证实苏联给予蒋氏援助实属至关重要的记录。

关于苏联军火,本文仅选枪支一项来做重点描述。从海参崴、敖德萨运抵广州、汕头的枪支应有4船近75万支(后来应有一船30万支秘供中共三处苏区,假手陈济棠秘藏南雄梅岭钟鼓岩),用于装备广州国民政府辖下6个军和黄埔军校学生。时任广州政府炮兵总监的邓演存(邓演达兄)就曾记载,北伐即将开始之时,苏联运来一船军火,泊于黄埔军校海面(时无黄埔新港),中方动用“四五十只大驳船(大驳船见附图。作者寻找了十余年,终遇)运了四五天”。

据笔者计算,一艘载重量仅为5,000吨的海船,即可运枪30万支,弹4亿发。各部由此置换下来的陈旧枪支,有3,000支用以支援广西李宗仁的第7军,余下的可能用于装备工人纠察队、农民自卫军,或被出售换购其他军火。对于于北策应北伐军的西北军,苏联也给予了大量军火援助,达200卡车,其中枪支近6万支。苏联军火除步枪外,还有火炮、甲车等。驻扎肇庆的叶挺独立团就曾是甲车团。(独立团入湘北伐,并无携带甲车同行,这些甲车后来流落何方?作者寻找了十余年,不遇)。

蘇聯對國民黨創建和北伐的全力支持:下血本投資,右派感激涕零

對於蔣介石和國民黨右派來說,就連他們也無法否認,國民黨的創建和北伐乃至整個大革命形勢的勃發,其實都離不開蘇聯鼎力相助。首先,從組織上來說,是蘇聯專家手把手地幫助孫中山將國民黨改組為一個現代化的革命政黨。在1923年10月18日鮑羅廷(M.Borodin)被孫中山任命為國民黨組織教員,委託他以俄國方法「訓練吾黨同志」之前,國民黨空有黨派名頭,實質上則組織渙散,政治綱領模糊,內部派系林立,可謂是一個完全依靠孫中山個人威望維繫的「孫中山黨」。正是在這位鮑羅廷的指導下,10天後的10月28日,國民黨就成立了臨時中央執行委員會開始風風火火地改組,短短時間內連續通過《中國國民黨改組宣言》《中國國民黨黨綱草案》《中國國民黨章程草案》以及廣州區黨部和區分部案、籌辦軍官學校案等重要草案、綱領、議案和決議400多件;到1924年1月12日,基層黨組織搭建工作也初見雛形:廣州成立12個區黨部(其中3個為代理區黨部)和69個區分部(其中3個為特別區分部),上海成立了1個區黨部和36個區分部。對於蘇聯專家在這次改組中的重要作用和意義,連孫中山都表示:「吾黨此次改組,乃以蘇俄為模範。」「俄革命六年成功,而我則十二年尚未成功……由於我黨組織之方法不善……惟今俄國有之,殊可為我黨師法。」(《在廣州大本營對國民黨員的演說》,《孫中山全集》第8卷)

早在1923年,蘇聯就派出波里克、格爾曼、切列潘諾夫、捷列沙托夫和斯莫連採夫五位軍事專家協助孫中山,等黃埔軍校成立之後更是派出重量級名將,第一枚紅旗勳章獲得者布柳赫爾(化名加倫)率領40多名軍事專家進行全方位指導。

除了這些人員援助之外,看得見的物質和經濟援助更是不計其數:早在1923年5月,蘇聯就曾計劃提供給廣州政府200萬金盧布、8000支日本步槍、15挺機槍、4門炮和2輛裝甲車,雖因種種原因未能付諸實施,但在1924年便撥給粵師14.7萬盧布,1925年為了援助黃埔軍校,一次性就援助了10萬盧布,還特地電告布柳赫爾,只要黃埔軍校提出需求,蘇聯政府都可根據實際需要繼續撥款。

马悲鸣:国民党壮大之谜

徐先生笔墨追溯中、苏两党关系的渊源。其中于本文最为重要的是提供了苏联在列宁、斯大林先后领导下对二十年代中国北伐革命的援助具体内容。那便是总共十二万支枪和每月三十万银洋钱的资助。这是讲在北伐前几年的事。大概是1923到1926年之间的样子。

首先对这十二万支枪和每月三十万银元的份量我们要放到1920年代的环境去考量才能体察其于北伐之关键意义。这十二万支枪是俄国造。第一次世界大战刚刚打完在苏联境内的白俄抵抗力量刚刚为苏联工农红军的消灭(1920年),这十二万支枪一定是苏联工农红军的武器也就说是西洋造。其精良比北洋军阀吴佩孚,孙传芳军队的汉阳造。不可同日而语。因此东征北伐成功仰仗武器精良是最大的原因。国民党共产党称颂东征北伐众口一词,都说是北伐军革命精神高扬,又得人心,所以将北洋军阀吴佩孚和孙传芳的军队打得落花流水,而不提北伐军用的俄国造,北洋军阀用的是汉阳造,北伐军武器上占了便宜,而这个便宜端赖列宁、斯大林为首之苏联共产党之国际主义支持!国共两党占了别人的便宜而不提实属鲜廉寡耻,忘恩负义,两个党都不是东西!

而且十二万支枪正是北伐七个军的总人数,可以说没有这个十二万支枪,国民党也好,共产党也好,有人无枪,除了像今天海外民运喊几声之外对于中国的政局根本不起作用。所以北伐之成功,甚或北伐之开始端赖苏联之支持。除了这十二万支枪外,还有每月三十万袁大头。这是当时广州国民政府运作的运作经费,后来蒋介石东征打垮了陈炯明打开了地盘对此外援不那幺依重。但如果一开始没有这笔经费也没有这黄埔军,东征便无以开始,何谈北伐。东征用的枪也是苏联,就连冯玉祥在五原誓师北伐也是从苏联得到的枪支和弹药由新疆的盛世才处转送。这也是许先生提到的。

第三国际不把中国共产党作为主要援助对象而去拉国民党。我们也可以想见那孙中山提出“联俄联共扶助工农”之口号实在是与苏联列宁斯大林谈判有了钱和枪的承诺后而作的公开表态。这一表态就孙中山而言主要是表给苏联人看的。中国人以为孙中山先生真要联俄联共扶助工农,那真是瞎了眼。倘是没有枪没有钱,孙中山压根不会讲这三句话。你要给本人十二万支枪和三百万美元一年我也会找几句一样的话。孙中山又有什幺了不起?

到了1927年忍无可忍搞清党,蒋介石搞而得到其它军队的响应,是因为各部队首脑都要把身边的钉子拔掉。中国共产党讲的是蒋介石叛变革命,其实蒋介石不光叛变了革命,而且还叛变了共产国际,撕毁了他对斯大林和苏联共产党的诺言。中国共产党用一句笼统的叛变革命来概括是有不可细言之苦衷,因为中国共产党领导依赖苏联的各方面的支持,毕竟难以放在桌面上来,如果中共把苏联军援经援和盘托出固然可使国民党声名狼藉,但自己也要受损:一是自我示弱二是依仗洋人。

就蒋介石而言这是他杀共产党是回归民族主义之必然,但蒋介石就个人品行而纯是食言自肥,卑劣到无以复加之地步。

在这里我可以清楚地看到,二十世纪中叶西方列强这之中只有俄、日两国真正对中国下过本钱,英、美、法地域遥远又从心底里瞧不起中华民族以为中国人都是小人,不要说共产党他们视之为异端就是像蒋介石那样信誓旦旦的盟友也是有一搭没一搭的支持。哪曾有过像苏联那样的下本钱?而中国的政要,国民党也好,共产党也好都用的中国人的惯技,叫做先骗后赖。骗不成了就耍无赖。俄国对中国下了那末大的本钱,到头来国民党县反咬一口,后来共产党有饭要一口,怨不得万国仁说中国人不守信义。

可以看到,KMT完全就是第三国际(共产国际)扶植起来的,在当时可是苏联亲儿子,比当时的中共都要亲。当然,后来我们都知道,1927年蒋介石发动政变,血腥清党,和苏联闹翻,转而亲美国。

不过,法西斯就是法西斯。

新生活運動

新生活運動總會曾於1935年3月發出三份對如何實行“三化”作了極詳盡規定的文件。文件條目分明,內容瑣碎,對人民生活方式規定嚴格,如生活藝術化的“有暇時常至野外旅行”;生活生產化的“年未滿六十歲者,不得設宴祝壽”;生活軍事化的“提倡冷水洗浴”。(政府控制人民生活,典型的一神教极权行径。设宴都不行,呵呵,原来习特勒的灵感来自这里。)

除了由個人生活做起,新生活運動促進會也舉辦各種活動。參考各省市的工作概況 ,戰前的新生活運動工作大致不外乎提倡清潔和守規矩。“規矩”方面有守時運動、節約運動、升降旗禮等;“清潔”則有夏令衛生運動、清除垃圾和污水、滅蠅競賽等。亦有針對愚民陋習、不良風氣的活動,如識字運動、禁煙消毒(即禁毒)運動等。由於新生活運動力圖直接干涉物質生活與經濟,有學者如James Thomson將新生活運動譏為「建基於牙刷、老鼠夾與蒼蠅拍的民族復興運動」。[15]

歌曲作为新生活运动社会教育方式之一。新生活歌曲主要有:《新生活》、《好国民》、《国民道德》、《有礼貌》、《扶老助弱》、《勇于认过》、《敬尊长》、《明是非辩曲直》、《爱弟妹》、《意志要坚定》、《见义勇为》、《遵守秩序》、《纯洁的心》、《自省歌》、《爱惜公物》、《公共卫生》、《整容仪》、《衣服要朴素》、《成功告诉我》、《节俭》、《身体常运动》、《吃饭时的礼貌》、《节饮食》、《室内的卫生》、《正当的娱乐》、《用国货》、《实行新生活》、《新生活运动歌》、《新生活须知歌》、《青年服务团团歌》等。(这些都是共匪一直主张的垃圾,呵呵,我在墙内早就听腻了,恶心的洗脑狼奶。)

所謂「藝術化」,就是以「藝術」為「全體民眾生活之準繩」,告別「非人生活」,力行「持躬待人」並以傳統之提倡「禮、樂、射、御、書、數」六藝為榜樣,以藝術陶養國民,以達「整齊完善,利用厚生之宏效」。

所謂「生產化」,則旨在「勤以開源,儉以節流,知奢侈不遜之非禮,不勞而獲之可恥」,從而「救中國之貧困,弭中國之亂源」。

而「軍事化」在《新生活綱要》中列於最末,但卻是「新生活」的核心所在。在《新生活運動之要義》中蔣介石即有這樣的陳述:

我現在所提倡的新生活運動是什麼?簡單的講,就是使全國國民的生活能夠徹底軍事化!……勇敢迅速,刻苦耐勞……能隨時為國犧牲!……養成這種臨時可以與敵人拚命為國犧牲的國民,就要使全國國民的生活軍事化。所謂軍事化,就是要整齊、清潔、簡單、樸素,也必須如此,才能合乎禮義廉恥,適於現代生存,配做一個現代的國民!(一个国家不能保护人民,还要人民为这狗屁超级大国去死,那么你这狗屁国家去死好了!什么超级大国,狗屁超级大国,道貌岸然的独裁者们,演讲的慷慨激昂,残忍的屠杀别国民众,把本国民众扔到战场上送死,还不都是为了自己的野心!)

该不该嘲讽蒋介石的新生活运动:1934年农历新年元宵节(2月19日),蒋介石在江西南昌乐群电影院“总理纪念周集会”上发表演讲《新生活运动之要义》,新生活运动由此拉开序幕。蒋氏之讲演,开宗明义即明白表示,搞“新生活运动”之目的,是为了“完成复兴民族的使命”。

为说明基本的衣食住行对民族复兴的重要性,蒋氏将自己在江西的观察和早年留日的经验做了一番对比。据蒋氏说,江西“一般准备要做国家和社会中坚人物……的中学生”,“现在虽然大多数比较好了一点,但是我去年初来的时候看到的,几乎无一个不是蓬头散发,有扣子不扣,穿衣服要穿红穿绿,和野蛮人一个样子,在街上步行或是坐车都没有一个走路坐车的规矩,更不晓得爱清洁,甚至随处吐痰。还有,看到师长不晓得敬礼,看到父母也不晓得孝敬,对于朋友,更不知道要讲信义。这种学生,可以说完全不明礼义,不知廉耻!这样的学生,这样的国民,如何不要亡国?”

1935年11月,冰心接受记者采访时,就嘲笑了“新生活运动”:“这,都是非常可笑的,这些事据说该由教育部或内政部管理的,而现在,……到绥远去那次便有这个笑话:那边小镇上都有赶集的,但在新生活运动推行到了那里之后,有许多乡民竟不敢出来了,因为怕强迫扣钮子,他们本来便习惯敞胸或竟不用钮子的。”

1930年代,“民族主义救中国”是国民政府竭力推行的一种“国策”。受这一“国策”指导,政府在提升国人的民族自信心和自豪感方面做了很多工作,虽然这些工作在今天看来可商榷之处很多,譬如由中央政府出面将所谓的“中国传统武术”提升到“国术”的高度;再如将迄今尚未取得学术界共识的“四大发明”当作历史定论写入教科书,等等。“新生活”运动也不可避免地与这一“国策”结合到了一起。蒋介石说得很明白:“新生活运动者,……即求国民生活之合理化,而以中华民族固有之德性——‘礼仪廉耻’为基准也。”

呵呵,民族复兴——中华民族的伟大复兴,狗屁艰苦朴素,狗屁四大发明,狗屁为国牺牲,为你蒋介石的国去死,以为我是傻逼吗?全民军事化,恶心的军国主义极权,吹捧古中国孔教奴才垃圾,这些垃圾被共匪一个不漏的完全继承了!不让烫发,纽扣子都要管,穿颜色鲜艳的衣服都不行,完全就是毛贼和坦克(严打时期)的手段啊,恶心的一神教!

不奇怪,谁叫KMT和CCP都是法西斯极右极权呢?只是CCP有个极左外衣掩饰而已,而六四之后,CCP彻底成为当年的KMT了。

「輸不起法」與美國政治的兩極化

美國政治在過去幾十年裡呈現出明顯的兩極化趨勢。比如根據皮尤研究中心從1994到2014二十年間的調查顯示,民主、共和兩黨選民的意識形態差距不斷拉大;而對1949年以來國會眾議院跨黨派合作情況的分析則表明,大致從1980年代開始,議員們跨黨派合作的概率以驚人的速度衰減。2010年共和黨內「茶黨」分子的造反奪權、本屆總統大選各路「重口味」候選人的粉墨登場,更是令不少觀察家大跌眼鏡,直呼美國政治已經到了劇變的臨界點。

為什麽美國政治會在幾十年裡迅速兩極化?論者往往從社會、經濟、文化等多個方面的變遷來分析,比如民權運動的衝擊、全球化與經濟不平等的加劇、恐怖主義襲擊的刺激等等。但一個很少被人註意到的因素,是選舉制度的細節設計如何隱蔽地對政黨政治的內容發生影響。

本文介紹的是埃默里大學(Emory University)法學院Michael Kang教授在這方面極其重要卻不甚為人知的研究。他在2011年的論文《輸不起法與民主爭競》(“Sore Loser Laws and Democratic Contestation,” Georgetown Law Journal 99(4): 1013-1075)中,分析了美國各州關於選票列名資格的種種立法——尤其是其中的「輸不起法」——如何從結構上框限了兩黨意識形態的演化路徑,從而驅使美國政治日漸向兩極撕裂。

▍選票列名法

所謂「選票列名法」(ballot access laws),指的是各州關於哪些人或哪些政黨的名字有資格被印制在選票上的法律。美國剛建國時並沒有這樣的法律,因為那時連選票都沒有,選舉的方式是召集民眾舉手表決,或者支持者喊話比嗓門。19世紀初出現了選票,但並沒有統一的規範,一開始是選民隨手撕紙填寫,後來改由各政黨、媒體、甚至候選人自己專門印制、分發和收集提交。這種做法當然漏洞多多,成為選舉舞弊的天然土壤,所以在19世紀末20世紀初的政治改革風潮中,各州便順理成章地將印制選票的權力收歸己有;與此同時,對政府所印選票上列名資格的管控,也被各州執政黨公器私用,成為打擊競爭對手、維護自身權力的工具。

在各類選票列名法中,最早開始流行的是限制政黨名稱出現在選票上的法律。比如佛羅里達州在1937年以前一直規定,只有在上次州內選舉中獲得30%以上選票的政黨,才算是法律意義上的「政黨」,其黨派名稱才有資格印列在本次選舉的選票上;否則其所有提名人均須以無黨派人士身份參選。由於種族隔離時代民主黨在南方各州佔據絕對優勢,共和黨難免有得票不足30%的時候;而只要哪次不慎沒拿到30%,下次選舉時共和黨就不再被佛州法律承認為「政黨」,直接從選票上抹掉,得票自然更少,陷入惡性循環。直到1937年,由於聯邦的幹預,加上佛州人也覺得30%的門檻實在高得離譜,才修改了法律,將政黨列名的得票門檻降到了15%,令共和黨有了少許喘息之機。

兩大黨之間尚且如此,各路小黨自然更要遭殃。由於無法列名選票,絕大多數小黨都缺乏對選民的號召力,也難以維持日常的基本運作,只能淪為政治的邊緣群體。此外,許多州對獨立參選的無黨派候選人也有近乎苛刻的限制,除了對登記參選的聯署簽名總數有所規定外,往往還要求這些簽名分布在全州各個選區、每個選區簽名數達到一定數量等等,費時費錢費力,非有權有勢者難以完成。美國這一百多年來一直無法打破共和、民主兩黨對峙的格局,除了「杜維熱法則」(Duverger’s law,指單選區眾數制選舉傾向於形成兩黨體系)的一般效應外,也與各州對政黨以及無黨派人士列名選票的限制有相當大的關系。

而在各州所有這些選票列名法中,若論對美國兩黨格局的影響,特別是對近幾十年兩黨極端化的推動作用,無疑以限制初選落敗者列名選票的種種法規,即俗稱的「輸不起法」(sore loser laws)為最。

▍「輸不起法」

所謂「輸不起法」,顧名思義,就是怕候選人在競爭黨內提名失敗後「輸不起」、脫黨參選,而立法加以限制。這類法律最早出現於1906年,但其真正流行是在二十世紀六十年代民權運動以後:在1967年以前,全美只有15個州制定了限制初選落敗者列名選票的法律;而目前存在相關規定的州已經達到了47個,其中有半數是在七八十年代制定的,恰與此後兩黨極端化的趨勢同步。

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具體而言,這些法律又分為幾類。有15個州(上表稱「明禁」者)在法律上明文規定,倘若一名候選人參加了黨內初選並落敗,則相應公職當屆大選的選票上將不得印列該候選人的名字。還有25個州(上表稱「實禁」者)雖然並未如此明文禁止,卻通過其他法律限制而達到了同樣的效果:比如既禁止候選人在同一屆選舉中加入不同黨派,又禁止黨內初選落敗者以無黨派身份參選;等等。另外,有2個州采取的是混合初選制(上表稱「混選」者),即所有黨派或無黨派的候選人均參加同一場初選,由得票前兩名挺進下一輪正式選舉。在這42個州裡,只要初選落敗,就完全喪失了將名字印列在最終的選票上的機會。

除此之外,還有5個州(上表稱「半禁」者)雖然理論上允許初選落敗者列名大選選票,但前提是必須在初選開始前就同時註冊多種黨派身份。換句話說,候選人不能在初選失敗後才宣布脫黨參選,而必須在初選前就向選民亮明自己的「兩面三刀」:「大家好,我既是共和黨員又是民主黨員」,「大家好,我雖然報名參加了民主黨初選,但同時也已經以獨立候選人身份登記參選了」,諸如此類。這在黨內初選中當然是自尋死路。

和其他類型的選票列名法一樣,「輸不起法」也遏制了兩大黨之外小黨的興起。但與此同時,它更重要的效應在於,從制度上促進了兩黨內部的極端化。

▍極端化的制度肇因

「輸不起法」為什麽會促進極端化?簡單來說,就是令黨內溫和派候選人缺少了以脫黨參選爭取中間選民為威脅、與黨內極端派討價還價的手段,進而逐步在黨內喪失話語權。

政治學中有所謂「中值選民定理」(median voter theorem),認為一般而言,在政治光譜上越接近全體投票選民的意識形態中位數值的候選人,當選的幾率越高。但越靠近全體選民的中值,往往意味著越偏離特定政黨的選民基本盤的中值。所以政黨在提名候選人時,就面臨「黨性」與「勝選可能性」(electability)之間的平衡取舍:本黨的忠實選民自然希望候選人能夠盡量貼近自己的意識形態偏好,但同時也不希望本黨候選人因為無法爭取到足夠多的中間選民而把最後的勝利拱手讓給對方黨派。

當然,初選近而大選遠,對相當一部分黨內選民(尤其是意識形態更趨極端的選民)來說,先顧到眼前的初選是最要緊的,至於大選能否獲勝,多少抱著些僥幸心理;此外,不同黨派在地理上的天然畛域(比如支持民主黨的「藍州」與支持共和黨的「紅州」的分野),以及美國每十年一次的選區重劃(redistricting)過程中所盛行的「傑里蠑螈」(gerrymandering)式操弄,也為兩黨提供了不必擔憂對方挑戰的「安全選區」,降低了這些選區內選民對「勝選可能性」的擔憂。饒是如此,在沒有「輸不起法」掣肘的前提下,黨內溫和派仍然可以通過拉攏中間選民,而抗衡極端派的挑戰。

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▲ 出於黨派利益的選區重劃方法被稱為「傑里蠑螈」

一個典型的例子是2006年國會中期選舉,來自康涅狄格州的參議員利伯曼(Joe Lieberman)競選連任。利伯曼是老資格的民主黨人,2000年曾作為戈爾的搭檔參選副總統。但他的政治立場介於兩黨主流之間,在不少重大議題上與共和黨「沆瀣一氣」,比如堅持為小布殊發動伊戰辯護、反對阻撓提名保守派法官阿里托進入最高法院、支持社保私有化政策等等,觸怒了民主黨內的激進派。2006年選舉時,康涅狄格州的民主黨激進派推出拉蒙德(Ned Lamont)挑戰利伯曼,經過一番慘烈的廝殺(僅拉蒙德本人就投入了1200萬美元身家用於競選),在八月份的民主黨初選中,以52%:48%的微弱優勢將利伯曼掀翻在地。

康涅狄格是深藍州,共和黨相當弱勢,如果只是兩黨對決的話,民主黨候選人基本上躺著都能當選。然而康涅狄格恰恰又是全美國極少數不限制初選落敗者列名選票的地方之一。利伯曼一顆藍心兩手準備,初選落敗第二天,就遞交了早已收集好的聯署簽名,以新成立的「康涅狄格支持利伯曼黨」候選人的身份,登記角逐十一月份的國會大選。最終,利伯曼靠著中間選民的支持,以50%:40%反殺拉蒙德(其余10%選民投給了共和黨候選人),成功連任參議員。

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▲ 「紅洲」與「藍洲」分佈

與此形成鮮明對比的,是在制定了「輸不起法」的47個州中,歷年來諸多溫和派候選人的遭遇——特別是2010年國會中期選舉時,共和黨中的建制派議員們被黨內新興的極右翼勢力「茶黨」打得潰不成軍,由後者一舉奪走了5個參議院席位和大約40個眾議院席位。茶黨上台後,視民主黨為寇仇、視共和黨溫和派與對方的合作為叛黨,在債務上限、公務員任命等諸多議題上胡攪蠻纏,搞得國會山烏煙瘴氣,立法機能幾近癱瘓。

甚至就連極端派候選人自己,也可能淪為「輸不起法」之下黨派極化的受害者。比如2014年競選連任失敗的坎托(Eric Cantor),本身以茶黨運動的一員起家,已經算是傳統意義上的共和黨極端派了。作為時任眾議院多數黨領袖、共和黨年輕一代的頭面人物、被廣泛視為眾議院發言人當然接班人的政治明星,坎托連任似乎是十拿九穩的事。然而沒有最極端只有更極端,在坎托名不見經傳的初選對手布拉特(Dave Brat)鼓噪下,前者與國會民主黨人僅有的一兩次合作竟成了共和黨極端派選民眼中「叛黨」的罪證,以44%:56%慘敗給了打著「真茶黨」旗號的布拉特,成為史上第一位在初選中被淘汰的眾議院多數黨領袖。由於坎托所在的弗吉尼亞州明文禁止初選落敗者列名選票,他不得不就此從國會退休,到投行和遊說公司謀生路去了。

▍暗渡陳倉「填名」參選

需要說明的是,法律禁止初選落敗者列名選票,並不一定意味著他們無法繼續參選。在全美50個州裡,有43個州允許選民自行填寫選票、投給未在選票上列名的人,即所謂「填名候選人」(write-in candidates)。其中有35個州要求填名候選人提前登記,一般在選前一兩個月截止,未及時登記者所得填名選票均視為廢票;另8個州不需候選人登記,所有填名選票一律予以統計。不管怎樣,從理論上說,在這43個州裡,即便無法列名選票,仍有當選的機會。

然而在實際操作中,由於填名參選大大增加了競選宣傳與動員的難度,而且選民手填選票也容易失誤、造成廢票,因此成功的例子屈指可數。在國會歷史上,僅有兩位參議員和不到十位眾議員,是通過填名方式戰勝在選票上列名的對手而當選的。

其中最近的一次,是2010年阿拉斯加的國會參議員默爾考斯基(Lisa Murkowski)。作為共和黨內相對不那麽極端的一員,力求連任的她在初選中遭到茶黨候選人米勒(Joe Miller)的強力阻擊,選情極其膠著。初選現場開票後,默爾考斯基以51%:49%的微弱優勢領先,卻被隨後幾天陸續郵寄而來的缺席票翻盤,丟掉了初選。不服氣的她隨即登記填名參選,最終以39%的得票率艱難戰勝代表共和黨出征的米勒(35%)和民主黨候選人(23%),此後又跟米勒來來去去打了幾輪官司,才保住自己在參議院的席位。但如前所說,默爾考斯基是參議院歷史上唯二的特例;與她同一年競選的其他共和黨議員,一旦在初選中被來勢洶洶的茶黨對手挑落馬下,便再無回天之力。

▍國會與地方極化,總統獨守中道?

還需要說明的是,盡管絕大多數州都制定了「輸不起法」,但這些法律中,有絕大多數是對總統候選人豁免、而只適用於國會候選人以及地方公職候選人的。這是因為從理論上說,美國總統大選中,選民的票投給的是「選舉人」(electors),而並非總統候選人本人;而候選人往往要到初選結束、正式接受本黨提名後,才會提交自己的選舉人名單。所以除非立法用詞特別嚴密,否則便存在讓總統候選人找到漏洞、列名選票的機會。

這就意味著,「輸不起法」的極化效應更多地體現在國會與地方層面,而對總統職位的影響較小。這與現實中所觀測到的結果也是一致的,比如茶黨興起後,2012年總統大選,共和黨最終推出的候選人仍是溫和派的羅姆尼。當然,總統候選人的相對溫和,除了「輸不起法」不適用外,也有其他制度因素在起作用,比如兩黨在總統初選日程設置上以及對不同州初選「代表人」(delegates)名額的分配上,都採取了一些有利於溫和派候選人的做法,以盡量保障候選人在大選中的「勝選可能性」。

但是從長期而言,國會與地方的政黨極化,不可能不間接影響到總統候選人。畢竟國會與地方的諸多職位才是黨內主力所在,也是政黨培養後備力量、角逐未來總統大位的人才庫。隨著佔據這些位置的政治人物日漸極端化,白宮的意識形態不可能不向兩端偏移。與此同時,政黨極端化過程中,溫和派選民被邊緣化或排擠出黨,又由於其他各類選票列名法的限制而無法組織起強大有效的第三黨,逐漸在政治上失聲,也易導致總統候選人忽視這個群體,在自我包裝上更傾向於取悅極端派選民。在本屆總統初選中,兩黨(尤其是共和黨)的這種勢頭已經比往年強烈許多。盡管本屆總統大選很大可能仍然是由相對溫和的候選人當選,但只要各州層面的選票列名法——尤其是「輸不起法」——不加以改革,美國政治的兩極化終將一發而不可收拾。■

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