要说这个世界上运转的比较好的福利国家医疗系统，英国的NHS（National Health Service）是一定会在内的，而未来中国的医疗系统也可以参考NHS。相比之下，美国的以私人保险公司为主的医疗系统就很糟糕了，几千万人得不到保障（奥巴马曾经试图解决这个问题，但被唐纳德希特勒和共和党搅黄了），私人保险公司浪费大量资源在市场营销上，穷人看不起病。
对英国有一定了解的人，大概已经猜到NHS是谁推行的了：没错，就是被撒切尔和其他资本主义哈巴狗们臭骂“左疯”的工党！虽然90年代之后布莱尔为首的工党败类把工党变成了资本主义哈巴狗党，但是当年推行NHS的工党可是个在党章里写着要建设社会主义的如假包换的社会主义政党。
关于工党历史，有兴趣的人可以大致看下Labour Party (UK)wiki，我这里就不具体介绍了，简单来说，工党起源于多个社会主义组织和独立工会组织，主要倾向于社会民主主义，一直以实现社会主义为目标，但在上世纪90年代被布莱尔为首的工党败类改造为鼓吹狗屁自由市场的资本主义哈巴狗党，直到2015年Jeremy Corbyn赢得党内选举，成为主席之后，工党才重新恢复对社会主义的追求。有兴趣的人可以看下工党官网，注意现在工党的Logo是红色玫瑰，而红色玫瑰是社会民主主义（democratic socialism，或称民主社会主义）的标志。
来看下NHS的具体历史吧：
By the end of World War II, the concept of an integrated, state-funded hospital service had become established and, in 1948, the newly-elected Labour (socialist) government created a National Health Service (NHS) as none of a series of welfare reforms designed to guarantee basic levels of personal and social security. For the first time, a UK government assumed responsibility for the provis ion of a comprehensive preventive and curative service for the whole population.
到第二次世界大战结束时，政府资助的综合医院服务的概念已经建立，并且在1948年，新当选的工党（社会主义）政府创建了一个国家健康服务（NHS），而不是一系列的旨在保障基本生活水平和社会保障水平的福利改革。英国政府首次承担起为全体人民提供全面预防和治疗服务的责任。（事实上，NHS是世界上第一个政府负责的公共医疗系统。）
The fundamental principles underlying the NHS were, and still largely are, that services would be funded predominantly from general taxation and that they would in general be free at the point of use, comprehensive and available to all, regardless of means to pay. A small but significant privately-funded health care systems has always existed alongside the NHS, expanding and contracting in line with the country’s broader economic state.However, for nearly fifty years, British people have received almost all their health care without paying directly for it.
NHS的基本原则曾经是，并且在很大程度上现在仍然是，医疗服务将主要由一般税收资助，并且它们通常在使用时免费，全面且可供所有人使用，无论支付方式如何。一个小但明显的私人医疗保健系统一直与NHS一起存在，根据该国更广泛的经济状况扩大或收缩。然而，近50年来，英国人几乎没有直接支付过医疗保健费用。
The structure of the new service reflected its disparate origins and artificial divisions between different elements persisted for many years. There were three main strands¹:
新服务的结构反映了其不同的起源，并且不同元素之间的人为划分持续了多年。 主要有三条线：
•State owned (nationalised) hospitals
国家拥有（国有化的）医院
Hospitals that had previously been run by voluntary charitable organisations and local government became the responsibility of Regional Hospitals Boards, with local responsibility delegated to Hospitals Management Committees. Acute specialities retained their traditional high status in comparison with the relatively low profile services for the elderly or the mentally ill. Until the early 1990s long-term care was provided in large, impersonal institutions and it is only relatively recently that acute services for the elderly and mentally ill have been integrated with other types of hospital care.
以前由志愿慈善组织和当地政府管理的医院由区域医院委员会负责，地方责任委托给医院管理委员会。与针对老年人或精神疾病患者的相对低调的服务相比，急诊保持其传统的高地位。直到1990s初期，大型非个人机构才提供长期护理，而且最近才将老年人和精神病患者的急症服务与其他类型的医院护理相结合。
•A national network of general practitioners
一个全国全科医生网络
A network of General Practitioners (GPs or family doctors) replaced the panel system. They were responsible for personal primary health care and received fees which were set and paid nationally. They were also the gatekeepers to other health services, referring patients on (e .g. to hospital services) as they thought appropriate. Executive Councils, which received money directly from the Ministry of Health, administered the family practitioner services.
全科医生网络（全科医生或家庭医生）取代了面板系统。 他们负责个人初级卫生保健，并收取全国政府设定的和支付的费用。他们也是其他医疗服务的守门人，在他们认为合适的情况下转介患者（例如医院服务）。执行理事会直接从卫生部获得资金，管理家庭医生服务。
•Community and domiciliary health services
社区和家庭健康服务
Services such as home nurses, public and environmental health and health prevention/promotion continued to be run by separate, elected Local (municipal Authorities or Councils, which were also responsible for housing, roads and education.
家庭护士，公共和环境卫生以及健康预防/促进等服务继续由独立的当选地方（市政当局或理事会）负责，这些机构或理事会也负责住房，道路和教育。
The three strands were financed centrally but managed separately. Throughout the history of the NHS, this initial division of functions between separate statutory organisations created problems in the provision of comprehensive and co-ordinated services. It is only recently that all three strands of direct health care have been provided within, and commissioned by, the NHS. Nonetheless, functions such as personal social services, long term care for most elderly people and responsibility for the environment, housing, roads education and employment (w hich are of fundamental importance to overall health) remain the preserve of local and central government. Periodic attempts to create a more cohesive approach to social policy in general, and health in particular, have not been very successful.
这三条线是集中提供资金但分开管理的。 在整个NHS的历史中，不同法定组织之间的这种初始职能分工在提供全面和协调的服务方面产生了问题。 直到最近，所有三条线的直接医疗保健都在NHS内部提供并由其委托。 尽管如此，个人社会服务，对大多数老年人的长期护理以及对环境，住房，道路教育和就业（对整体健康至关重要）的责任等功能仍然在地方和中央政府中保留。 定期尝试制定更具凝聚力的社会政策方法，特别是健康方法，并未取得很大成功。
哦，说一个坏消息：NHS从上世纪80年代开始就一直受到威胁，被迫“内部市场化”，被削减资金，而这是谁干的呢？是撒切尔这个保守主义纳粹垃圾和一直都是资本主义哈巴狗的纳粹保守党干的：
In the 1980s, however, Margaret Thatcher’s government began an attack on the principles of the NHS that has not yet subsided. As public health doctor and scholar Allyson Pollock describes in NHS Plc: The Privatisation of our Health Care, Thatcher’s government imposed intermittent austerity funding and the incremental imposition of market-based reforms such as the “internal market” and the “private finance initiative,” signaling a retreat from the NHS’s initial collectivist provisions and a partial move toward commodification.
然而，在1980s，玛格丽特·撒切尔政府开始攻击迄今为止尚未消失的NHS原则。正如公共卫生医生和学者Allyson Pollock在NHS Plc所描述的那样：我们的医疗保健被私有化，撒切尔政府实施间歇性紧缩资金以及逐步实施市场化改革，如“内部市场”和“私人融资计划”，标志着从NHS最初的集体主义供应撤退，并部分转向商业化。（医疗市场化会带来什么后果，看看中国那些活活病死和被疾病一夜回到解放前的人就知道。顺便说一句，撒切尔是哈耶克的信徒，其”名言“为：”没有社会这回事“”穷人穷困是个人原因“”没人有权成为同性恋“，呵呵，标准的资本主义哈巴狗纳粹嘴脸。）
The Labour government of Tony Blair, as she notes, continued down the road first paved by Thatcher. However, Blair’s government did eventually initiate a much-needed increase in funding: to just under 7 percent a year, almost twice the historical average of 4 percent. This overdue boost, however, would not survive the Great Recession.
正如她所指出的那样，托尼·布莱尔的工党政府继续沿着撒切尔首先铺好的道路前进。 然而，布莱尔政府最终确实开始增加了急需的资金：每年仅低于7％，几乎是历史平均值4％的两倍。 然而，这种过期的推动力将无法在大衰退中存活下来。
In 2010, David Cameron’s Conservative-led government was elected and destabilized the NHS through two great upheavals. First, the government reorganized the NHS through the passage of the 2012 Health and Social Care Act; second, it instituted a period of funding austerity the likes of which the NHS had never seen.
2010年，戴维•卡梅伦的保守党领导的政府当选，并通过两次重大动荡破坏了NHS的稳定。 首先，政府通过2012年“健康与社会护理法”重组了NHS; 第二，它设立了一个资金紧缩的时期，这是NHS从未见过的。
来源：Saving the NHS
社会主义者铸造了NHS，而资本主义哈巴狗们用尽手段破坏NHS，所以，什么是资本主义？资本主义就是少数有钱人奴役大部分没钱的人；什么是社会主义？社会主义就是不让任何一个人掉队。
