（写在前面：这篇文章有点过时了，但其中很重要的一点是说明了中国对同性恋的迫害的来源：不是来源于古中国传统文化，而是来源于毛贼和共匪对斯大林的模仿，而斯大林又是模仿自东正教的。）
Query（询问）:
Applicant claims she was arrested for being a lesbian. She submitted a document entitled “Public Order Administrative Penalty Verdict.” It states that she “has violated the Public Order Rules by committing homosexual and other indecent activities. She has exerted a bad moral influence and disturbed the public order.” She was in prison for 15 days and had to pay a fine. Are women being arrested and punished for being lesbian?
申请人声称她因为是女同性恋而被捕。 她提交了一份题为“公共秩序行政处罚决定书”的文件。 它声称她“违反了公共秩序规则，实施了同性恋和其他不雅的活动，她的道德影响力很差，扰乱了公共秩序。” 她在监狱里呆了15天，不得不缴纳罚款。 女性是否因为是女同性恋而被捕和惩罚？
Response（回复）:
The RIC was unable to find information on a “Public Order Administrative Penalty Verdict” and on the arrest and punishment of women for being lesbian.
RIC无法找到有关“公共秩序行政处罚判决”的信息以及因为其为女同性恋者而逮捕和惩罚女性的信息。
The Third Pink Book states that there are reports of homosexuals in China being imprisoned on “specious grounds” such as Section 158 of the Penal Code, which punishes “disturbance against the social order” with up to 5 years imprisonment (1993). It is not clear from sources available to the RIC whether Section 158 of the Chinese Penal Code has any relation to the document submitted by the applicant. It is also unclear if Section 158 of the Penal Code is related to (or the same as) the Penal Code article (discussed below) which allowed arrests on charges of hooliganism but was removed from the law in 1997.
第三本粉红书指出，有报道说中国的同性恋者被以“似是而非”的理由囚禁，例如刑法典第158条，其中惩罚“扰乱社会秩序”，最高达5年监禁（1993年）。 中国刑法第158条与申请人提交的文件是否有任何关系，目前尚不清楚。 刑法第158条是否与刑法典条款（下文讨论）相关（也可能与此相同）也是不清楚的，该条款允许逮捕被控流氓罪的人，但在1997年被删除。
General information on the situation of homosexuals in China follows.
有关中国同性恋情况的一般信息如下。
Background（背景）
According to a recent BBC article:
根据最近BBC上的一篇文章：
The relaxation of social controls in China over recent years has given homosexuals greater freedom to congregate openly in certain bars and parks of major cities1/4 However, many Chinese gays complain they still face harassment by the authorities, with meetings frequently raided by police and an official stance that regards homosexuality as a perversion (7 July 2000).
近年来中国社会控制的放松，使同性恋者在大城市的某些酒吧和公园中公开集会的自由更多。然而，许多中国同性恋者抱怨说，他们仍然面临当局的骚扰，经常遭到警察的袭击和将同性恋视为变态的官方立场的压迫(7 July 2000)。
Homosexuality is heavily referenced in ancient Chinese literature, and gay culture in China dates to the beginning of Chinese civilization (Reuters 7 July 2000, South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001, Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001). Unlike Europe during the Middle Ages, however, high-profile persecution of Chinese homosexuals did not occur (South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001).
同性恋在中国古代文学中被大量引用，中国的同性恋文化可追溯到中国文明的开端(Reuters 7 July 2000, South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001, Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001)。 然而，与中世纪欧洲不同，中国同性恋并没有被高度迫害(South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001).。
It wasn’t until the 20th century that homosexuals in China became marginalized and regarded as deviant. “Since 1949, in an ironic reversal…China, as part of the process of ‘modernization,’ chose]to abandon traditional attitudes for the historical Western view of homosexuality as a perversion…Under the forty-year rule of the Communist government, social acceptance of homosexuality has virtually disappeared” (Ng 3 July 2000).
直到20世纪，中国的同性恋者才被边缘化并被认为是不正常的。 “自1949年以来，在一个讽刺的逆转中……作为”现代化“进程的一部分，中国选择了抛弃传统态度，转而接受西方对同性恋的历史观点，将同性恋作为一种变态……在四十年的共产党政府的统治下 ，对同性恋的社会宽容已经消失“(Ng 3 July 2000).（备注：毛贼是斯大林的孙子，而对同性恋者的压迫也是毛贼和斯大林学的，而斯大林是和东正教学的。）
After coming to power in 1949, the Communist Party under Mao Tse-tung “stamped out anything they deemed deviant or decadent,” and in the late 1960s and early 1970s (during the Cultural Revolution), gays were subjected to public humiliation and long prison terms (Reuters 7 July 2000, Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001). The past 20 years have brought economic reform; a broad trend in Chinese society toward (and government allowance of) more personal freedom; increasingly tolerant public attitudes toward gays, lesbians, and bisexuals; and a realization on the part of the Chinese government that to ignore the gay community does nothing to ameliorate the growing AIDS problem in the country (Reuters 7 July 2000, Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000). Homosexuality is still generally taboo in the media, though sources indicate this too is changing (CSSSM News Digest 3 Aug. 1998).
1949年执政后，毛泽东所领导的共产党“摧毁了他们认为不合常理或颓废的任何东西”，并且在1960s后期和1970s初期（文革期间），同性恋者遭受了公开侮辱和长期监禁 (Reuters 7 July 2000, Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001)。 过去20年带来了经济改革; 中国社会普遍趋向于（和政府允许）更多的人身自由; 公众对同性恋者和双性恋者的态度越来越宽容; 中国政府认识到忽视同性恋社区并没有改善该国日益增长的艾滋病问题（备注：中国的艾滋病问题完全是共匪鼓动卖血导致的，看看高耀洁医生的调查就知道，而无耻的共匪把污水泼到同性恋者身上。）(Reuters 7 July 2000, Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。 尽管消息来源表明这种情况也在发生变化，但同性恋在媒体中仍然普遍是禁忌(CSSSM News Digest 3 Aug. 1998)。
Internal Chinese government documents and academic studies state that currently there are about 15 million homosexuals within China’s population of 1.2 billion (Reuters 7 July 2000). The vast majority of them still choose to keep their sexuality a secret, due in part to societal conservatism, strong pressures to marry and have children, and fear of prejudice, though societal attitudes may also be liberalizing (Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001, Asiaweek 7 Aug. 1998, CSSSM News Digest 3 Aug. 1998, South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001).
中国的内部政府文件和学术研究表明，目前中国12亿人口中约有1,500万同性恋者(Reuters 7 July 2000)。 尽管社会态度也可能放开，绝大多数人仍然选择对性取向保密，部分原因是社会保守主义（备注：中国是典型的保守主义国家，这里说得很准确），结婚和生子女的强大压力以及对偏见的恐惧(Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001, Asiaweek 7 Aug. 1998, CSSSM News Digest 3 Aug. 1998, South China Morning Post 28 Jan. 2001)。
Chinese Law（中国的法律）
Homosexuality is not illegal in China. Private “consensual homosexual acts” were decriminalized in Hong Kong in 1991 (IGLHRC Dec. 2000), and sodomy was decriminalized in China in 1997 (it remains illegal in 20 U.S. states) (Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000). In October 2000, however, a Beijing court ruled that homosexuality was “abnormal and unacceptable to the Chinese public” (Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000).
同性恋在中国并不非法。 私人“双方同意的同性性行为”于1991年在香港被非刑事化(IGLHRC Dec. 2000)，并于1997年在中国被非刑事化（在美国20个州仍然是非法的）(Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。 然而，2000年10月，北京一家法院裁定同性恋是“异常和对大众来说不可接受的”(Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。
According to the Hong Kong-based Information Center for Human Rights and Democracy, the police have “used a secret 1993 directive, which charged gays with illegal demonstrations or hooliganism, to close down gay clubs across the country” (Reuters 7 July 2000). “Hooliganism,” a term used for anything the Chinese Communist Party regards as anti-social, could result in dispatch to labor camps without trial or jail terms of up to seven years (Reuters 7 July 2000, Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000). The Chinese Society for the Study of Sexual Minorities (CSSSM) states that the article in the Penal Code, which allowed for arrest of homosexuals on charges of hooliganism, was expunged during legal reform in 1997 (26 Oct. 2000). The Washington Post also states that arrests of homosexuals on charges of hooliganism have “in general stopped” (24 Jan. 2000). The CSSSM asserts that the more recent police raids of gay bars, discos, and other establishments “seem to be more financially than politically motivated, which indicates that the gay community is a victim more of bureaucratic corruption than of political persecution” (26 Oct. 2000).
根据总部设在香港的人权和民主信息中心，警方已“利用秘密的1993年指令，指控非法示威或流氓行为的同性恋者，关闭全国各地的同性恋俱乐部”(Reuters 7 July 2000)。 “流氓罪”是中国共产党用来对任何他们认为反社会的事物的形容的术语，可能会导致不经审判而派往劳改营而或长达7年的监禁(Reuters 7 July 2000, Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。中国性少数研究协会（CSSSM）指出，1997年法律改革期间(26 Oct. 2000)，刑法中允许以流氓罪名逮捕同性恋者的条款被删除。华盛顿邮报还指出，以流氓罪名逮捕同性恋者“大致停止了”(24 Jan. 2000)。 CSSSM称，最近警方对同性恋酒吧，迪斯科舞厅和其他场所的袭击“似乎经济动机大于政治动机，这表明同性恋群体更受官僚腐败而不是政治迫害” (26 Oct. 2000)。
The CSSSM also states:
CSSSM同时指出：
Although gays were arrested in the name of hooliganism, cases like this drastically decreased since mid 1980s [sic]. Nowadays offenders are only those who try to engage in sex in the public area [e.g. public restrooms]. Gay advocacy should theoretically be allowed by the constitution (3 Aug. 1998).
尽管同性恋者以流氓罪被捕，但自1980s中期以来，这类案件大幅下降[原文如此]。 现今的罪犯只是那些在公共场所试图进行性行为的人[例如 公共卫生间]。 宪法在理论上应允许同性恋(3 Aug. 1998)。
Although homosexuality is not illegal in China, gay rights are not protected by law. In December 2000, a senior Chinese government official announced that “it is not the right time to introduce a law banning discrimination against homosexuals [in areas such as employment or housing], due to a lack of majority support” and that though the public had become more open to homosexuality, “it takes time” and “the Government cannot impose any social values on the public” (South China Morning Post 13 Dec. 2000). The government has announced instead that discrimination can be eradicated through education (South China Morning Post 13 Dec. 2000, 5 Feb. 2001).
尽管同性恋在中国并不违法，但同性恋权利不受法律保护。 在2000年12月，一位中国政府高级官员宣布：“由于缺乏多数支持，现在不是制定禁止歧视同性恋者的法律的合适时间（在就业或住房等领域）”，尽管公众 对同性恋更加开放，“需要时间”，“政府不能对公众施加任何社会价值”(South China Morning Post 13 Dec. 2000)。 相反，政府宣布，通过教育可以消除歧视(South China Morning Post 13 Dec. 2000, 5 Feb. 2001)。（备注：缺乏多数支持？说得好像你们是民主政府似的，恶心；不能对公众施加社会价值？说得好像毛贼神教，国家资本主义，新自由主义，国族主义洗脑这些不是社会价值一样，真恶心。）
While many homosexuals still choose to remain closeted, the South China Morning Post states that advocacy and awareness groups for homosexuals are becoming more organized and are continuing to push the government to recognize them and work with them toward anti-discrimination legislation (5 Feb. 2001).
虽然许多同性恋者仍然选择保持封闭，但南华早报指出，同性恋者宣传和意识组织越来越有组织，并继续推动政府承认他们并与他们一起进行反歧视立法(5 Feb. 2001)。
Police Raids（警察袭击）
Gays and lesbians are vulnerable to unofficial oppression, police harassment, and arrest for various offences (Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001, IGLHRC Representative 16 Feb. 2001). Arrests are especially prevalent during the “strike hard” periods, in which the government incites the police force nationwide to crack down on organizations and individuals deemed to be connected with vice and immorality (CSSM News Digest 16 March 1998). In a March 1997 police raid of the only gay and lesbian gathering place in Guangzhou in Guangdong province, about 20 people were arrested, and “unconfirmed reports” indicated that they were charged with “hooliganism” and detained for 15 days (see discussion on charges of hooliganism above). According to a Dateline article reprinted in the CSSSM News Digest, “for a gay community which had grown comfortable with a harassment free police policy in the past few years, so long as you were not overtly ‘out’, the incident came as a shocking reminder that life in China is still very repressive and quixotic” (22 March 1997).
男女同性恋者都很容易受到非官方压迫，警察骚扰和以各种罪行为名的逮捕(Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001, IGLHRC Representative 16 Feb. 2001)。在“严打”时期尤其普遍存在逮捕行为，政府煽动全国警察部队打击被认为与恶劣和不道德有关的组织和个人(CSSM News Digest 16 March 1998)。在1997年3月警方突击搜查广东省广州唯一的同性恋聚集地时，约有20人被捕，“未经证实的报道”表示他们被控“流氓罪”并被拘留了15天（见上面讨论的被指控流氓罪）。根据“CSSSM新闻摘要”中转载的一篇日期线文章，“对于一个在过去几年里因为无警察骚扰政策而感到舒适的同性恋社区，只要你没有公开”出去“，事件就是令人震惊地提醒人们，在中国的生活仍然非常压抑和混乱“(22 March 1997)。
On July 3, 2000, 37 gay men were arrested on charges of prostitution at the Junjie men’s beauty and health center, a gay health spa in Guangzhou that had opened in February 2000. Articles cite the Chinese police as stating that the raid was part of a July-September nationwide campaign against “social vices” which also included strikes against gambling, pornography, and illegal drugs (BBC 7 July 2000, CND-Global 10 July 2000). The police said that they arrested the men at the Junjie beauty and health center because they were prostitutes and not because they were gay, “which is a voluntary mutual relationship” (Reuters 7 July 2000).
2000年7月3日，37名同性恋男子因2000年2月在广州开设的同性恋健康中心俊杰男士美容保健中心被指控卖淫而被捕。文章引用中国警方的话称，这起袭击事件是 7月至9月全国范围内针对“社交恶习”的活动，其中还包括对赌博，色情和非法药品的打击(BBC 7 July 2000, CND-Global 10 July 2000)。 警方说，他们在俊杰美容保健中心逮捕了这些男子，因为他们是性工作者，而不是因为他们是同性恋，“这是一种自愿的相互关系”(Reuters 7 July 2000)。
Current Situation（现状）
According to an Agence France-Presse (AFP) article, “prison terms are increasingly rare but harassment remains a fact of life, and gay bars and cafes are subject to periodic raids and closures” (15 Jan. 2001). An owner of a gay bar interviewed for AFP stated that the police have a “live and let live” attitude toward gay bars that have the proper paperwork and do not have dancing or floor shows (15 Jan. 2001). Three of Shanghai’s most popular gay bars were shut down in 2000 (Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001).
根据法新社（AFP）的文章，“监禁越来越少见，但骚扰仍然是生活中的事实，同性恋酒吧和咖啡馆定期遭到袭击和关闭” (15 Jan. 2001)。 一位同性恋酒吧的老板在法新社采访时表示，警方对拥有适当文书工作并没有跳舞或舞台表演的同性恋酒吧持有“让他们活下去”的态度(15 Jan. 2001)。 2000年，上海的三家最受欢迎的同性恋酒吧被关闭(Agence France-Presse 15 Jan. 2001)。
In regards to persecution of homosexuals in China, the CSSSM states:
关于在中国同性恋者遭受的迫害，CSSSM指出：
The few cases [of persecution] we have heard happened in the mid 1980s and does not [sic] reflect the current situation. China has changed so much in the past two decades. Although gays, lesbians and other sexual minorities are still subject to strong prejudice, it is not in their best interest to exaggerate the plight or improvement for any possible political gains (3 Aug. 1998).
我们听到的几起[迫害]案件发生在1980s中期，并没有[原文]反映当前的情况。 中国在过去的二十年中发生了很大的变化。 虽然同性恋，女同性恋和其他性少数群体仍然受到强烈的歧视，但为了任何可能的政治利益而夸大其困境并不符合他们的最佳利益(3 Aug. 1998)。
Asiaweek states that in Asia as a whole, the “underlying truth” is that there is “safety in numbers” for gays throughout the region (7 Aug. 1998). In China, “there is little overt anti-gay hostility… [and] homosexuals say they do not fear being picked on by roughnecks in the way they are in the West” (Asiaweek 7 Aug. 1998).
亚洲周刊指出，在整个亚洲地区，“基本事实”是整个地区的同性恋者都有“安全的数字”(7 Aug. 1998)。 在中国，“很少有明显的反同性恋的敌意……同性恋者说他们不害怕被西方对同性恋者的方式所困扰”(Asiaweek 7 Aug. 1998).。
The Washington Post cites a Chinese doctor who has studied homosexuality in China for over a decade as stating:
“华盛顿邮报”引用了一位在中国研究同性恋十多年的中国医生，她说：
In China, we really don’t have the radical conservatives and the radical liberation activists that you do in the West. We don’t see gays being beaten to death in our country because of their sexuality. At the same time, we don’t have gay and lesbian parades (24 Jan. 2000).
在中国，我们确实没有你们西方的激进的保守派和激进的解放者。 我们看不到同性恋在我国由于性行为被打死。 同时，我们没有同性恋游行(24 Jan. 2000)。
The Washington Post article, which features a lesbian wedding in China (unrecognized under Chinese law), also speaks of slow but increasing Chinese recognition of homosexuality in their society. At one time, homosexuals were committed by the state to mental institutions for electric shock treatments (Washington Post 24 Jan. 2001, CSSSM News Digest 26 Oct. 2000). Although homosexuality is still classified as a mental disorder, “this type of intervention is rarely enforced today” (CSSSM News Digest 26 Oct. 2000). Though families and workplaces largely continue to be intolerant, “the state generally does not prosecute people for homosexuality any more” (Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000).
“华盛顿邮报”的一篇文章以中国的女同性恋婚礼为特色（根据中国法律未得到承认），也谈到了中国社会对同性恋的承认缓慢但越来越多。 有一次，同性恋者被政府委托给心理机构进行电击治疗(Washington Post 24 Jan. 2001, CSSSM News Digest 26 Oct. 2000)。 尽管同性恋仍然被归类为精神障碍，“今天这种干预措施很少得到执行”(CSSSM News Digest 26 Oct. 2000)。 虽然家庭和工作场所在很大程度上仍然是不容忍的，“政府通常不会再起诉人们的同性恋行为”(Washington Post 24 Jan. 2000)。
According to an IGLHRC representative, blanket statements about safety and openness for homosexuals in China can not be relied upon. He says that while there is more tolerance for gays collectively, individual outing can invite persecution because of continuing strong phobias against gays in Chinese society. Homosexuals are gaining ground in Chinese society and are eager to let people know they are there and have rights, yet there is still unofficial oppression in China, and the police can not always be depended upon for protection (16 Feb. 2001).
依据IGLHRC的一位代表，不能依赖关于中国同性恋者的安全和开放的一揽子声明。 他说虽然对同性恋者有更多的容忍，但个人出柜可能会引起迫害，因为中国社会对同性恋者继续存在强大的恐惧症。 同性恋者在中国社会中日益发展，渴望让人们知道他们在那里并拥有权利，但中国仍然存在非官方的压迫，而警方的保护总是不能被依靠的 (16 Feb. 2001)。
This response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RIC within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum.
这个回应是在时间限制内研究RIC目前可以获得的公开信息后编写的。 这种回应不是，也不能被用来对任何有着特定要求的难民地位或庇护起决定作用。