秘鲁光辉道路历史与现实介绍——兼驳斥新自由主义谎言

看到有新自由主义哈巴狗发了这样一篇文章：这个书生靠什么拯救了国家？

不奇怪，又是一篇充满谎言的垃圾，不过光辉道路这个组织在中文圈没什么靠谱资料，所以我接下来引用的打脸资料都是英文。当然，我会进行适当翻译和解读的。

首先，让我们来看看开头：“光辉道路是秘鲁的一个极左恐怖组织。1980年代初期开始，他们进行了大量的暴力活动，成为秘鲁社会的一个严重问题。这个组织奉行极左的意识形态，声称要为穷人谋利益。创办者阿比马埃·古兹曼是一个哲学教授，他发明了一系列稀奇古怪的理论，核心思想就是使用暴力推翻现有的政权，建立全新的无产阶级国家，恢复印加帝国的原始集体主义农业。他们敌视现代市场经济和民主制度。他们在秘鲁各地到处使用暴力：爆炸、暗杀、破坏经济设施、袭击公共场所、伏击政府军，袭击庄园，抢劫银行和工商企业。袭击警察是光辉道路组织最热衷的事情”

事实是：光辉道路的确是恐怖组织，也的确使用了大量暴力，但说他们“声称要为穷人谋利益，建立全新的无产阶级国家，恢复印加帝国的原始集体主义农业”这些是谎言，而且这一段也没说光辉道路到底是如何起家的。

真相是：“The Shining Path (Sendero Luminosos) Maoist guerrillas were formed by university professor Abimael Guzman in the late 1960s and were based upon Marxist ideology. At the time, Guzman was teaching philosophy at San Cristóbal of Huamanga University, while engaging in left-wing politics. He attracted many like-minded young academics to his cause of staging a radical revolution in Peru. He visited the Peoples Republic of China in the mid-1960s and his collection of inchoate ideas was profoundly influenced by Maoist theories, which became the basis of the ideological foundations of the Shining Path. In 1980, he launched his campaign to overthrow the Peruvian government.”（1）

光辉道路（Sendero Luminosos）毛派游击队是由大学教授 Abimael Guzman 在二十世纪六十年代后期组建的，并以马克思主义的意识形态为基础。当时，Guzman 在San Cristóbal 的Huamanga大学教授哲学，同时从事左翼政治。他吸引了许多志同道合的年轻学者加入了他在秘鲁的激进革命事业。他在六十年代中期访问了中华人民共和国，其观点深受毛泽东主义理论的影响，成为光辉道路组织的思想基础。在1980年，他发起了推翻秘鲁政府的运动。

大致概括：光辉道路起源于Abimael Guzman在1960s后期在大学里建立的组织，一开始是基于马克思主义的，但是当他在1960年代中期去了一次中国后，就被毛贼的思想所吸引，而毛贼思想成为了他建立光辉道路时的基础思想。

Shining Path was founded in 1970 by Abimael Guzman (“Comrade Gonzalo”), a philosophy teacher inspired by the writings of Peruvian Marxist, Jose Carlos Mariategui. The name Shining Path came directly from a passage in Mariategui’s writing, “Marxism-Leninism will open the shining path to revolution.（2）

Shining Path由1970年由Abimael Guzman（“Gonzalo同志”）创立，这是一位受秘鲁马克思主义者Jose Carlos Mariategui作品启发的哲学教师。 “光辉之路”这个名字直接来自马里亚泰伊写作的一段话，“马克思列宁主义将为革命打开光辉的道路。

那么他具体采用了毛贼思想的哪些内容呢？

“When it first launched the internal conflict in Peru in 1980, its goal was to overthrow the state and replace it with “New Democracy“. ”（3）
它在1980年首次在秘鲁发起内部冲突时，其目标是推翻现政权并以“新民主主义”取而代之。

“don’t think so, according to their “theoretical” framework, they were (and are still according to their true believers in Europe and the USA) in the stage of “New Democracy” on which Mao, their god wrote in 1940

我不这么认为，根据他们的“理论”框架，他们的阶段是在“新民主主义”阶段（并且仍然是，根据他们在欧洲和美国的真正信徒的言论），这是他们的上帝，毛，在1940年写的。

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“The republic will take certain necessary steps to confiscate the land of the landlords and distribute it to those peasants having little or no land, carry out Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s slogan of “land to the tiller”, abolish feudal relations in the rural areas, and turn the land over to the private ownership of the peasants. A rich peasant economy will be allowed in the rural areas. Such is the policy of “equalization of landownership”. “Land to the tiller” is the correct slogan for this policy. In general, socialist agriculture will not be established at this stage, though various types of co-operative enterprises developed on the basis of “land to the tiller” will contain elements of socialism.”（4）

共和国将采取必要步骤，没收地主土地，并将其分发给土地少或无土地的农民，执行孙中山先生的“耕者有其田”的口号，废除农村的封建关系把土地转变为农民的私有田地。农村将允许富农经济。这就是“土地所有权平等化”的政策。 “耕者有其田”是这一政策的正确口号。总的来说，社会主义农业不会在现阶段建立起来，尽管在“耕者有其田”的基础上发展起来的各类合作社企业将包含社会主义的要素。

这两段大致意思是：光辉道路的目标是实现毛贼的新民主主义，而新民主主义的本质是资本主义，允许农村的富农经济的存在，并进行土改把土地转变为农民的私有田地。

所以光辉道路并没有主张要“恢复印加帝国的原始集体主义农业”，至于为穷人谋利益之类的，我没有查到资料明确显示他们这么说过，但如果他们拿这话去欺骗穷人，那也不奇怪。

但是，他们真的试图去帮助穷人了吗？

“事实也正是如此，光辉道路组织虽然臭名昭著，但实际上他们得到了秘鲁底层人民的支持甚至拥护。秘鲁落后的经济状况、腐败的政府、恶性的通货膨胀断绝了底层人民改善自己生活的可能。这些人在绝望之余，就转而相信恐怖组织的宣传和诱惑，认为只有依靠光辉道路这样的暴力恐怖组织才能打破压制他们的社会结构，使他们摆脱贫困，得到更好的生活。”

光辉道路当然有人支持，但要把锅都推到秘鲁底层人民的头上，我只能说这真的很恶心。“他们在秘鲁各地到处使用暴力：爆炸、暗杀、破坏经济设施、袭击公共场所、伏击政府军，袭击庄园，抢劫银行和工商企业。袭击警察是光辉道路组织最热衷的事情”这段说得好像光辉道路只袭击资产阶级一样，事实上，受光辉道路伤害最大的，恰恰就是底层人民！

看资料吧：“Initially, Shining Path targeted local authorities (mayors, governors and mid-level bureaucrats) police barracks, and local political leaders. However, experts believe that by 1983, the group gradually began to target wealthy peasants and state agency heads with violence and the threat of abduction, as well as launched comparable attacks against left-wing activists, grass-roots organizers, and left-liberal intellectuals. This change in strategy eventually proved counterproductive for the insurgents because they were not able to capture the hearts and minds of the average Peruvian by their violent tactics. Instead, villagers were subject to the unremitting brutality by Shining Path and were unprotected by the military and intelligence services. Both the first Alan Garcia administration and his successor, Alberto Fujimori, used intimidation to tromp out local citizens. The Garcia government, as did the Belaúnde government before it, used tortures and randomly assassinated citizens for their alleged backing or at least sympathy for Shining Path.”（1）

最初，“光辉之路”以地方当局（市长，省长和中层官员）警察营房和当地政治领导人为袭击目标。但专家认为，到1983年，该组织逐渐开始以暴力和绑架威胁为目标，向富裕农民和国家机构负责人发起攻击，并对左翼活动家，草根组织者和左翼自由派知识分子发起类似袭击。（注意这段，光辉道路是敌视左派的，他们敌视并袭击那些真正在为穷人说话的人）这种战略上的变化最终证明叛乱分子会适得其反，因为他们无法通过暴力手段来俘获普通秘鲁人的心灵和思想。相反，村民们受到光辉道路的无情暴行，并且得不到军方和情报部门的保护。第一个Alan Garcia政府和他的继任者Alberto Fujimori利用恐吓手段来攻击当地公民。Garcia政府和之前的Belaúnde政府一样，都利用酷刑和随机暗杀那些被声称支持或至少同情光辉道路的公民们（这才是有人支持光辉道路的真正原因，独裁政府的残暴把一些人推向了同样残暴的光辉道路）。

The Lucanamarca massacre was a massacre of 69 peasants in and around the town of Lucanamarca, Peru that took place on April 3, 1983. The massacre was perpetrated by the Shining Path, the Maoist guerrilla organization that launched the internal conflict in Peru.（5）
Lucanamarca屠杀事件发生在1983年4月3日发生在秘鲁Lucanamarca镇附近的69名农民身上。屠杀事件是在秘鲁发动内部冲突的毛派游击队组织光辉道路发动的。

The Shining Path never gained much support among the Peruvian public. Rural villagers, often torn between supporting the rebels or the government, were eventually targeted by the guerrillas for participating in elections or not providing supplies.

光明之路从未获得秘鲁公众的大力支持。农村村民们经常在支持叛乱分子或政府之间徘徊，经常因为参加选举或不提供补给品成为游击队员们的目标。

The Shining Path was distinct from other insurgencies across Latin America in idealizing the “blood quota.” Dying for the cause was romanticized through extensive rhetoric such as “crossing the river of blood.” The results were not only a fiercely determined corps of militants, but also harsh treatment of its victims. The Shining Path quickly attracted the world’s attention for its lethal brutality. The rebels often held public executions — sometimes mass executions — by stoning.（2）

“光明之路”与拉丁美洲的其他叛乱分子在理想化“血液配额”方面有着明显的不同。通过扩展的修辞，例如“穿越血脉之河”，他们造成的死亡被浪漫化了。结果是，这不仅是武装分子激烈的决心，而且他们残忍对待其受害者。 “光辉之路”以其致命的残酷而迅速引起全世界的关注。反叛分子经常举行公开处决 – 有时是大规模处决 – 通过石刑。

The condition of the poor continued to worsen, but the many calls for national insurrection by Shining Path have not been successful. Peruvians were certainly poor, but the violence of Shining Path was repugnant to the impoverished middle classes and, in a certain way, provoked indifference among the peasants. Certainly the murder of many cells of the Maoists, some in massacres within prisons, took a heavy tool on the direction of the movement.

穷人的状况变得越来越糟，但光辉道路发动的许多国家级别的叛乱并未成功。秘鲁人显然很穷困，但光辉道路的暴力令贫穷的中产阶级感到厌恶，并在很明显的程度上让农民认为他们和秘鲁政府并没有不同。当然，毛派分子的许多在牢房内进行的谋杀，其中一些在监狱内的屠杀，对运动造成了恶劣的影响。

In his many interviews, pamphlets and revolutionary literature, Abimael Guzman has never offered a political vision that could be embraced by the industrial workers or the unemployed. The new State, a vague phrase, like “after the revolution” in the ’30s, is not a promise of a brighter future, but demands indoctrination, work and obedience. In a tropical nation that still takes its siesta time very seriously, this is a letdown to any potential revolutionary.（6）

在他的许多采访，小册子和革命文学中，Abimael Guzman从未提供可被工人们或失业者所接受的政治愿景。这个新的国家，像30年代的“革命之后”这样一个模糊的短语，不是一个更光明的未来的承诺，而是要求灌输，工作和服从。在一个非常重视午休时间的热带国家，这会造成任何潜在革命者的失望。

这里提到的”要求灌输，工作和服从“，我具体解释一下：Abimael Guzman除了学了毛贼的“新民主主义革命”和“农村包围城市”（所以他根本没去想过要帮助城市工人和失业者）之外，还学到了毛贼神教中最重要的一点：造神。

相关资料：What little military training they did receive consisted mostly of Maoist principles on guerrilla warfare.33 This highlights the central importance that Guzmán placed on ideology, as well as his callous attitude towards human life. While the lives of the insurgents were clearly expendable, party discipline and faith in the leadership were not issues to be taken lightly.

他们所接受的小小的军事训练大部分都是毛泽东主义游击战争的原则。这凸显了Guzmán将意识形态放在核心地位，以及他对人类生命的冷酷态度。尽管叛乱分子的生命显然是可以消耗的，但党的纪律和对领袖的信仰并不能被轻视。（也就是说Guzmán根本不在乎其追随者的生命，他只在乎追随者对他的信仰和他对党的控制。）

Through the development of an ideology that placed supreme importance on the role of the central leadership, and which asked party activists to continually expose their own failings and publicly admit their weaknesses, Guzmán was able to transform himself into a hero, a legend, and the unquestioned leader of the Shining Path. Following his adoption of the nom de guerre Presidente Gonzalo, Guzmán’s status steadily rose. He presented his ideas as Pensamiento Gonzalo (Gonzalo Thought), a “development” of Marxist-Leninist theory, blending Mariátegui’s analysis of the political and economic situation in Peru with the application of Mao Zedong’s revolutionary precepts, practices, and guerrilla strategies.34 Despite the rising death toll of both guerrillas and civilians, faith in Pensamiento Gonzalo seemed to remain strong among party militants.（7）

通过发展把中央领袖放在超级重要的作用的位置上的意识形态，并要求党内积极分子不断暴露自己的缺点并公开承认自己的弱点，Guzmán成功将自己变成英雄，传奇人物，和光辉道路毫无疑问的领袖。在成为Gonzalo总统后，古兹曼的地位稳步上升。他提出了作为马克思列宁主义理论的“发展”的Pensamiento Gonzalo（Gonzalo思想），将Mariátegui对秘鲁政治和经济形势的分析与毛泽东的革命理念，实践和游击战略相结合。尽管游击队员和平民的死亡人数不断上升，对Pensamiento Gonzalo的信仰看起来在党内激进分子中保持强劲。

They also engaged in “Criticism and Self-criticism“, a Maoist practice intended to purge bad habits and avoid the repetition of mistakes. During the existence of the First Military School, members of the Central Committee came under heavy criticism. Guzmán did not, and he emerged from the First Military School as the clear leader of the Shining Path.^[9]（3）

他们还从事“批评与自我批评”，这是一种旨在消除不良习惯并避免重犯错误的毛派实践。在第一军校的存在期间，中央委员受到了严厉的批评。 Guzmán没有，他从第一军校出来，成为光辉道路的明确领导者。

很显然，光辉道路是一个极为极权独裁的一神教组织，党内所有人都追随Guzmán，并把Guzmán的言论当成宇宙真理。这种组织有一个很明显的缺陷是：当宇宙真理领导人出事之后，组织就会陷入混乱，从而衰落。

而事实是光辉道路也的确因此衰落了：“就在这一年，光辉道路的头目古兹曼被捕，并最终被判处终身监禁。随后，光辉道路的其他领导人也先后被捕入狱。虽然还有零星的恐怖行动，但作为一个恐怖组织，光辉道路已经无可挽回地成为历史了。”

这话倒是没说错，把光辉道路的衰落说成是经济学家德·索托的功劳，纯属吹牛。事实上，1997-2016年，秘鲁基尼系数长期处在0.438-0.563之间（8），2018年人均GDP为7,198美元，排在世界第82位（9）；而秘鲁2017年的民主指数为6.49（10），为部分民主，比马来西亚（6.54）得分都低（马来西亚的民主程度很低，诸位可自行查阅资料）。而在Alberto Fujimori下台之前，秘鲁政府一直以来都是独裁政权。

基尼系数长期超过警戒线，人均GDP很低，民主程度很低，这样一个国家，有什么可吹捧的？

事实上，光辉道路也并没有成为历史：Since the arrest of its leader, Abimael Guzmán, in September 1992, the Shining Path has operated at a greatly decreased level but it remains active.162

自1992年9月其领导人AbimaelGuzmán被捕后，Shining Path的活跃级别大大下降，但仍保持活跃.（11）

The Shining Path is currently led by Victor Quispe (“Comrade Jose”).

光辉道路目前由Victor Quispe（“Jose同志”）领导。

In 2011, Shining Path lawyers submitted 360,000 signatures to register as a new political party, Movadef. The electoral authority denied the registration on the grounds the organization advocated terrorism.

2011年，Shining Path律师提交了36万个签名（注意秘鲁2018年人口为32,168,697（9），签名者比例相当于在中国超过1500万人）以作为新政党登记，名为Movadef。选举当局以该组织倡导恐怖主义为由拒绝登记。

While the Shining Path once posed a serious threat to topple the state, the group is partially focused on drug trafficking, while other factions attempt to register as a political party and free Abimael Guzman, who is now 80 years old.（2）

虽然“光辉道路”曾经要推翻国家，构成了严重威胁，但现在该组织部分侧重于贩毒，而其他派系则试图登记成为政党，并要求释放现年80岁的Abimael Guzman。

On March 25, 2008 Shining Path rebel members working with drug traffickers killed a police officer and wounded 11 on anti-drug patrols. The unit is said to have been led by one of Shining Path’s last remaining leaders—Comrade Artemio. Comrade Mono—who eventually was caught in March of this year was, in fact, part of another branch of the Shining Path hierarchy.

2008年3月25日，与毒贩合作的光明之路叛军成员杀害了一名警察，并伤害了11名在禁毒巡逻中的警察。据说该单位由光明之路的最后一位剩余领导人Artemio同志领导。 Mono同志最终在今年3月被捕，事实上，他是光明之路另一个分支等级的的一部分。

In recent months, there have been accounts of political kidnappings and murders which could be an indication of the recrudescence of the Shining Path. Other reports have told of police forces closing in on them. Shining Path is rumored to be financing their reviving terrorist activities by charging for protecting drug-traffickers and intertwining the organization with coca production and distribution networks. Consequently, Peruvians may soon find themselves dealing with an increase in drug violence, a growing insurgency and an increase in government repression.（1）

近几个月来，有关政治绑架和谋杀的案件可能是光明之路复兴的迹象。其他报告说警方正在镇压他们。有传言称光明之路收费保护毒贩并将其与古柯生产和销售网络交织在一起来资助他们恢复恐怖活动。因此，秘鲁人可能很快就会发现自己面对的是毒品暴力事件的增加，叛乱活动的增加和政府镇压的增加。

On March 18, 2017, Shining Path snipers killed three police officers in the Ene Apurimac Valley.(3)

2017年3月18日，光明之路的狙击手在Ene Apurimac山谷中杀死了三名警察。

社会主义者们是完全否定光辉道路这种疯子一神教恐怖组织的，而事实是光辉道路也一直都在敌视和袭击社会主义者，并拒绝民主。这样的一个恐怖组织，自然得不到多数支持，再加上其领袖进了监狱，衰落是必然结果。即便如此，秘鲁的穷困和高度不平等也给了光辉道路活动空间，要我说真正能够消灭光辉道路的生存土壤的，只有经济民主+政治民主的社会民主主义。秘鲁的历史与现实也说明了一点：不是社会主义，就是野蛮！

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